PMID- 10220237
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19990616
LR  - 20191103
IS  - 0893-8652 (Print)
IS  - 0893-8652 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 2
DP  - 1999 Mar-Apr
TI  - Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): history, neurochemistry, and 
      toxicology.
PG  - 137-42
AB  - BACKGROUND: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy), a compound 
      chemically related to stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs, has been found to 
      induce a state of euphoria and increased self-awareness. MDMA has been 
      increasingly used for recreational purposes, especially among college students 
      and other young adults, and has been associated with multiple toxic effects. 
      METHODS: Using MEDLINE, the medical literature was searched from 1986 using the 
      key words "ecstasy," "MDMA," and "designer drugs." Articles dating before 1986 
      were accessed from cross-reference of the more recent articles. A case report is 
      described. RESULTS: MDMA was developed in 1912 as an appetite suppressant but 
      never became commercially successful. It resurfaced in the 1950s as a 
      psychotherapeutic agent. In 1985 MDMA was classified as a schedule 1 drug by the 
      Food and Drug Administration after reports of neurotoxicity in laboratory 
      animals. It again resurfaced in the mid 1980s as a recreational drug used 
      primarily among college students and other young adults. There are a number of 
      case reports describing toxic effects from MDMA, including hyperthermia, 
      rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, and acute renal failure. Little information is 
      available regarding acute management or treatment of toxic ingestions. 
      CONCLUSIONS: MDMA ingestion has been associated with severe toxic effects. 
      Although the literature describes numerous cases of toxic ingestion, there are no 
      published recommendations or suggestions to guide physicians in the evaluation 
      and treatment of such cases. By reviewing the history, neurochemistry, and 
      toxicology of MDMA, as well as providing some guidance regarding management of 
      toxic ingestion, we can arm the provider with valuable information for use in the 
      acute setting. In addition, this information will assist providers in counseling 
      young adults regarding the possible consequences of using this substance.
FAU - Rochester, J A
AU  - Rochester JA
AD  - Department of Family and Community Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital, PA 
      17604, USA.
FAU - Kirchner, J T
AU  - Kirchner JT
LA  - eng
PT  - Case Reports
PT  - Historical Article
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - J Am Board Fam Pract
JT  - The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice
JID - 8807505
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Animals
MH  - Brain/drug effects
MH  - Drug Overdose/therapy
MH  - *Hallucinogens/history/pharmacology
MH  - History, 20th Century
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/history/pharmacology
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/complications/diagnosis
RF  - 48
EDAT- 1999/04/29 00:00
MHDA- 1999/04/29 00:01
CRDT- 1999/04/29 00:00
PHST- 1999/04/29 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1999/04/29 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1999/04/29 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.3122/jabfm.12.2.137 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Am Board Fam Pract. 1999 Mar-Apr;12(2):137-42. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.12.2.137.