PMID- 10513674
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19991029
LR  - 20190921
IS  - 0260-437X (Print)
IS  - 0260-437X (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 5
DP  - 1999 Sep-Oct
TI  - Local lymph node assay: use in hazard and risk assessment.
PG  - 299-306
AB  - The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) was developed as an alternative method 
      for the identification of chemicals that have the ability to cause skin 
      sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. The assay now has been evaluated 
      extensively in the context of both national and international inter-laboratory 
      collaborative trials and has been the subject of detailed comparisons with guinea 
      pig test methods and human skin sensitization data. On the basis of these 
      evaluations the LLNA has been endorsed recently by the US Interagency 
      Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) as a 
      stand-alone method for skin sensitization testing. The assay offers a number of 
      important benefits compared with conventional guinea pig test methods, among 
      these being provision of an objective and quantitative endpoint. Moreover, the 
      LLNA provides advantages in the context of animal welfare; compared with guinea 
      pig tests, fewer animals are required and these animals are subject to less 
      trauma. It is important now that the validation status of the LLNA is recognized 
      and the method applied widely so that these advantages may be realized. Hazard 
      identification represents only the first step in the risk assessment process. A 
      full toxicological evaluation of skin sensitization activity requires an 
      understanding of relative potency. Guinea pig methods do not lend themselves 
      readily to assessment of potency, and interest recently has focused on the 
      utility of the LLNA for this purpose. Contained within this review article are 
      brief descriptions of the history of the LLNA and the immunobiological basis for 
      the method, together with detailed accounts of the conduct and interpretation of 
      the assay. Procedural modifications to, and alternative endpoints for, the LLNA 
      are considered also. Finally, the current regulatory status of the LLNA is 
      summarized and the application of the method for the purposes of defining 
      relative potency and developing risk assessments is reviewed.
FAU - Dearman, R J
AU  - Dearman RJ
AD  - Astra Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK. 
      Rebecca.Dearman@CTL.Zeneca.com
FAU - Basketter, D A
AU  - Basketter DA
FAU - Kimber, I
AU  - Kimber I
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - J Appl Toxicol
JT  - Journal of applied toxicology : JAT
JID - 8109495
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Hazardous Substances)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/*toxicity
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology
MH  - Hazardous Substances/toxicity
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lymph Nodes/*drug effects/pathology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Risk Assessment/methods
RF  - 83
EDAT- 1999/10/08 09:00
MHDA- 2000/06/20 09:00
CRDT- 1999/10/08 09:00
PHST- 1999/10/08 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2000/06/20 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 1999/10/08 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199909/10)19:5<299::AID-JAT591>3.0.CO;2-C [pii]
AID - 10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199909/10)19:5<299::aid-jat591>3.0.co;2-c [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Appl Toxicol. 1999 Sep-Oct;19(5):299-306. doi: 
      10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199909/10)19:5<299::aid-jat591>3.0.co;2-c.