PMID- 10636769
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20000113
LR  - 20190822
IS  - 0048-9697 (Print)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 239
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 1999 Oct 1
TI  - Use of alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in Europe, 1970-1996.
PG  - 151-63
AB  - Data on current and historical usage of alpha, beta, and 
      gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in Europe are presented. The data were 
      collected and estimated as a part of a project studying the regional cycling of 
      persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Baltic environment 
      (Popcycling-Baltic). Better data on sources, environmental discharges and 
      atmospheric emissions of HCH and other POPs are needed to study, and hopefully 
      reduce, the impact of these pollutants on the environment. Substantial 
      uncertainties are assigned to the estimated data for individual countries and 
      years, but it seems likely that the general trend of usage in Europe is captured. 
      The quality of the estimates is thought to improve in general throughout the 
      period, thus, reflecting the availability of reliable data. The results suggest 
      that 382,000 t of technical HCH and 81,000 t of lindane were used in Europe from 
      1970 to 1996. This is equivalent to an estimated cumulative usage of 259,000 t 
      alpha-HCH, 235,000 t gamma-HCH and 20,000 t beta-HCH. The usage of technical HCH 
      was the major source of gamma-HCH until the late 1970s, and thereafter lindane 
      became the dominating source of this isomer. The use of gamma-HCH in 1996 was 
      estimated to still be nearly one-third of the European usage in 1970. The pattern 
      of decreasing concentrations in biota follows the pattern of reductions in usage 
      for the studied period within the Baltic area.
FAU - Breivik, K
AU  - Breivik K
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway. knut.breivik@nilu.no
FAU - Pacyna, J M
AU  - Pacyna JM
FAU - Munch, J
AU  - Munch J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Insecticides)
RN  - 319-84-6 (alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane)
RN  - 59NEE7PCAB (Hexachlorocyclohexane)
RN  - YM80ODM9PD (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane)
SB  - IM
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Europe
MH  - Hexachlorocyclohexane/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Insecticides/analysis
MH  - Isomerism
MH  - Pest Control/*statistics & numerical data
EDAT- 2000/01/15 00:00
MHDA- 2000/01/15 00:01
CRDT- 2000/01/15 00:00
PHST- 2000/01/15 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2000/01/15 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2000/01/15 00:00 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(99)00291-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00291-0 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 1999 Oct 1;239(1-3):151-63. doi: 
      10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00291-0.