PMID- 10718502
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20000407
LR  - 20181130
IS  - 1524-6094 (Print)
IS  - 1524-6094 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2000 Jan-Feb
TI  - Coronary heart disease: sexual bias in referral for coronary angiogram. How does 
      it work in a state-run health system?
PG  - 29-34
AB  - This study examined the effects of a state-run health system on the 
      gender-specific differences in cardiology worldwide, taking coronary angiography 
      as an example. In a prospective study, 476 angiographed patients (155 female, 321 
      male) were enrolled in consecutive order over a study period of 9 months and 
      asked to answer a standardized questionnaire. The responses showed a discrepancy 
      in the heart death statistics (52.7% female, 47.3% male) and the demographic 
      statistics (51.8% female, 48.2% male). This was true for all age groups. The 
      duration of complaints before undergoing a coronary angiogram was reported to be 
      acute for 4.5% of the women and 13.7% of the men, <1 year for 27.1% of the women 
      and 34% of the men, and >1 year for 68.4% of the women and 52.3% of the men. 
      Women take longer to access coronary angiogram. This is confirmed by New York 
      Heart Association (NYHA) classes I (1.9% female, 7.8% male), II (46.5% female, 
      65.4% male), III (41.9% female, 21.8% male), and IV (9.7% female, 5.0% male). 
      Prior to angiogram, all of the women and most of the men (98.4%) were under 
      treatment for heart complaints, more women (87.1%) than men (78.8%) took heart 
      medication, but fewer women (29.7%) than men (37.1%) had been referred to a 
      cardiologist. Major differences were seen in the social situation; that is, 68.4% 
      of the women but 93.5% of the men lived with their family, 30.3% of the women but 
      only 5% of the men lived alone, and 1.3% of the women together with 1.6% of the 
      men lived in a care-giving facility. The results of our study show that even in a 
      state-run health system with free access to high-tech medicine at no charge and 
      no age limits, there is a marked gender bias in access to high-tech medicine.
FAU - Hochleitner, M
AU  - Hochleitner M
AD  - University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine, 
      Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Gender Studies, Austria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - J Womens Health Gend Based Med
JT  - Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine
JID - 100888719
SB  - IM
MH  - Aged
MH  - Austria
MH  - Coronary Angiography/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Coronary Disease/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Health Services Accessibility
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - *Prejudice
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - Referral and Consultation/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - *State Medicine
EDAT- 2000/03/16 00:00
MHDA- 2000/03/16 00:01
CRDT- 2000/03/16 00:00
PHST- 2000/03/16 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2000/03/16 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2000/03/16 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1089/152460900318920 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000 Jan-Feb;9(1):29-34. doi: 
      10.1089/152460900318920.