PMID- 11205534
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20010208
LR  - 20191104
IS  - 1528-7394 (Print)
IS  - 0098-4108 (Linking)
VI  - 62
IP  - 1
DP  - 2001 Jan 12
TI  - Effects of diquat, an aquatic herbicide, on the development of mallard embryos.
PG  - 33-45
AB  - Bipyridylium herbicides produce embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in dipteran, 
      amphibian, avian, and mammalian organisms. Diquat dibromide, a bipyridylium 
      compound, is commonly used as an aquatic herbicide. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 
      eggs were exposed to diquat by immersing the eggs for 10 s in solutions of 0.88, 
      3.5, 7, 14, or 56 g/L on either d 4 or 21 of incubation. Application of diquat on 
      d 4 yielded an estimated LC50 of 19.5 g/L through 18 d of incubation, and 9.6 g/L 
      through hatching. Body and organ weights, and bone lengths of hatchlings did not 
      differ between control and treatment groups with the exception of a slight 
      increase in brain weight in the 14 g/L group. Malformations in diquat-treated 
      embryos included defects of the brain, eye, bill, limb, and pelvis; skeletal 
      scoliosis; and incomplete ossification. Subcutaneous edema was also present. 
      Significant manifestations of oxidative stress were apparent in hatchlings and 
      included increased hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (lipid 
      peroxidation) and decreased brain reduced glutathione (GSH). Brain protein-bound 
      sulfhydryls (PBSH) increased. Diquat applied on d 21 of incubation yielded an 
      estimated LC50 of 12.6 g/L through hatching. Exposure at this late stage of 
      development did not produce deformities. Body and organ weights and, bone lengths 
      of hatchlings did not differ between control and treatment groups. Significant 
      manifestations of oxidative stress in hatchlings included decreased brain GSH, 
      increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and ratio of GSSG to GSH. This study 
      suggests that concentrations of diquat commonly used for aquatic weed control, 
      when based upon the dilution effect of average water depth of the application 
      area, would probably have little impact on mallard embryos. However, 
      concentrations applied above ground to weeds and cattails along ditches could 
      adversely affect the survival and development of mallard embryos, and presumably 
      other avian species nesting in such habitats.
FAU - Sewalk, C J
AU  - Sewalk CJ
AD  - Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Maryland, USA.
FAU - Brewer, G L
AU  - Brewer GL
FAU - Hoffman, D J
AU  - Hoffman DJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Toxicol Environ Health A
JT  - Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A
JID - 100960995
RN  - 0 (Herbicides)
RN  - 0 (Teratogens)
RN  - 0 (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances)
RN  - A9A615U4MP (Diquat)
RN  - GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione)
RN  - ULW86O013H (Glutathione Disulfide)
SB  - IM
MH  - Administration, Topical
MH  - Animals
MH  - Brain/drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Diquat/*toxicity
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Ducks/*embryology/growth & development/metabolism
MH  - Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
MH  - Environmental Exposure
MH  - Glutathione/metabolism
MH  - Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
MH  - Herbicides/*toxicity
MH  - Lethal Dose 50
MH  - Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
MH  - Liver/drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Oxidative Stress/physiology
MH  - Teratogens/toxicity
MH  - Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism
EDAT- 2001/02/24 12:00
MHDA- 2001/03/03 10:01
CRDT- 2001/02/24 12:00
PHST- 2001/02/24 12:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2001/03/03 10:01 [medline]
PHST- 2001/02/24 12:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/00984100050201659 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001 Jan 12;62(1):33-45. doi: 
      10.1080/00984100050201659.