PMID- 11791154
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20020307
LR  - 20151119
VI  - 26
IP  - 1
DP  - 2002 Jan
TI  - Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally 
      isolated men.
PG  - 102-10
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Assessment of a possible relationship between habitual as well as 
      manipulated meal frequency, blood glucose pattern, macronutrient- and energy 
      intake (EI), and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men. 
      DESIGN: A partially temporally isolated within-subject design assessing energy 
      intake regulation in spite of intervention. Intervention consisted of 
      manipulating meal frequency by offering iso-energetic (1 MJ) preloads high in fat 
      or carbohydrate (CHO), with the same energy density. We have previously shown 
      that after a high-CHO preload, inter-meal-interval was 1 h, while after a 
      high-fat preload intermeal-interval was 2 h. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy young 
      (18-31 y) normal weight (body mass index (BMI): 22.8+/-1.9 kg/m(2)) men. 
      MEASUREMENTS: On two separate days, each after a different preload: subsequent 
      subjects' responses to the preload, eg manipulated meal frequency; continuous 
      blood glucose levels and blood glucose patterns: macronutrient composition of 
      food intake; EI; appetite ratings; and taste perception. From controlled 3-day 
      food intake diaries: habitual meal frequency; EI; and macronutrient-intake. 
      RESULTS: Accuracy of energy intake regulation is expressed as minimizing the 
      difference in energy intake, despite intervention. The difference in 24 h EI on 
      the two test days after the preloads (r(2)=0.56; P<0.001) was a function of 
      habitual meal frequency. Variation in energy intake was primarily explained by 
      habitual meal frequency (r(2)=0.76; P<0.0001). Adding macronutrient composition 
      and number of blood glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 
      86 and 96%, respectively. Percentage energy from CHO or from fat explained the 
      variation in habitual meal frequency (r(2)=0.84; P<0.0001). Adding the total 
      number of blood-glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 
      88%, and adding average baseline blood glucose levels, sweetness perception and 
      hunger suppression during preload consumption increased the explained variation 
      to 91%. Manipulated meal frequency was related to habitual meal frequency 
      (r(2)=0.86; P<0.0001) and was a function of the number of transient and dynamic 
      blood glucose declines (r(2)=0.74; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Habitual meal frequency 
      is of greater significance in energy intake regulation in healthy young men than 
      manipulated meal frequency. Healthy young men with a high habitual meal frequency 
      showed lower 24 h EI, and a smaller difference in EI after macronutrient specific 
      preloads, compared to those with a low habitual meal frequency, thus showing a 
      more accurate energy intake regulation. Habitual meal frequency is based upon a 
      cluster of related factors including macronutrient composition of the food, 
      sweetness perception, hunger suppression, blood glucose declines and average 
      baseline blood glucose levels.
FAU - Westerterp-Plantenga, M S
AU  - Westerterp-Plantenga MS
AD  - Department of Human Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The 
      Netherlands. M.Westerterp@HB.Unimaas.nl
FAU - Kovacs, E M R
AU  - Kovacs EM
FAU - Melanson, K J
AU  - Melanson KJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
JT  - International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the 
      International Association for the Study of Obesity
JID - 9313169
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Adaptation, Physiological
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Appetite
MH  - Blood Glucose/*metabolism
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Diet Records
MH  - *Energy Intake
MH  - Food
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Reference Values
MH  - Single-Blind Method
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Taste
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2002/01/16 10:00
MHDA- 2002/03/08 10:01
CRDT- 2002/01/16 10:00
PHST- 2001/02/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2001/06/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2001/07/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2002/01/16 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2002/03/08 10:01 [medline]
PHST- 2002/01/16 10:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801855 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Jan;26(1):102-10. doi: 
      10.1038/sj.ijo.0801855.