PMID- 11794762
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20020228
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 0014-0139 (Print)
IS  - 0014-0139 (Linking)
VI  - 44
IP  - 13
DP  - 2001 Oct 20
TI  - Biomechanics of slips.
PG  - 1138-66
AB  - The biomechanics of slips are an important component in the prevention of 
      fall-related injuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the available 
      literature on the biomechanics of gait relevant to slips. This knowledge can be 
      used to develop slip resistance testing methodologies and to determine critical 
      differences in human behaviour between slips leading to recovery and those 
      resulting in falls. Ground reaction forces at the shoe-floor interface have been 
      extensively studied and are probably the most critical biomechanical factor in 
      slips. The ratio of the shear to normal foot forces generated during gait, known 
      as the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) during normal locomotion on dry 
      surfaces or 'friction used/achievable' during slips, has been one biomechanical 
      variable most closely associated with the measured frictional properties of the 
      shoe/floor interface (usually the coefficient of friction or COF). Other 
      biomechanical factors that also play an important role are the kinematics of the 
      foot at heel contact and human responses to slipping perturbations, often evident 
      in the moments generated at the lower extremity joints and postural adaptations. 
      In addition, it must be realized that the biomechanics are dependent upon the 
      capabilities of the postural control system, the mental set of the individual, 
      and the perception of the environment, particularly, the danger of slipping. The 
      focus of this paper is to review what is known regarding the kinematics and 
      kinetics of walking on surfaces under a variety of environmental conditions. 
      Finally, we discuss future biomechanical research needs to help to improve 
      walkway-friction measurements and safety.
FAU - Redfern, M S
AU  - Redfern MS
AD  - Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. 
      mredfern@pitt.edu
FAU - Cham, R
AU  - Cham R
FAU - Gielo-Perczak, K
AU  - Gielo-Perczak K
FAU - Gronqvist, R
AU  - Gronqvist R
FAU - Hirvonen, M
AU  - Hirvonen M
FAU - Lanshammar, H
AU  - Lanshammar H
FAU - Marpet, M
AU  - Marpet M
FAU - Pai, C Y
AU  - Pai CY
FAU - Powers, C
AU  - Powers C
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Ergonomics
JT  - Ergonomics
JID - 0373220
SB  - IM
MH  - *Accidental Falls
MH  - Architectural Accessibility
MH  - Biomechanical Phenomena
MH  - Floors and Floorcoverings/standards
MH  - Foot/physiology
MH  - Friction
MH  - Gait/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Interior Design and Furnishings
MH  - Kinetics
MH  - Postural Balance/*physiology
MH  - Posture/*physiology
MH  - Surface Properties
RF  - 69
EDAT- 2002/01/17 10:00
MHDA- 2002/03/01 10:01
CRDT- 2002/01/17 10:00
PHST- 2002/01/17 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2002/03/01 10:01 [medline]
PHST- 2002/01/17 10:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/00140130110085547 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ergonomics. 2001 Oct 20;44(13):1138-66. doi: 10.1080/00140130110085547.