PMID- 11861616
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20020603
LR  - 20220409
IS  - 0732-0582 (Print)
IS  - 0732-0582 (Linking)
VI  - 20
DP  - 2002
TI  - CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects.
PG  - 709-60
AB  - Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic 
      DNAs. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense 
      mechanisms leading to innate and acquired immune responses. The recognition of 
      CpG motifs requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which triggers alterations in 
      cellular redox balance and the induction of cell signaling pathways including the 
      mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF kappa B. Cells that express 
      TLR-9, which include plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and B cells, produce 
      Th1-like proinflammatory cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. Certain CpG 
      motifs (CpG-A) are especially potent at activating NK cells and inducing 
      IFN-alpha production by PDCs, while other motifs (CpG-B) are especially potent B 
      cell activators. CpG-induced activation of innate immunity protects against 
      lethal challenge with a wide variety of pathogens, and has therapeutic activity 
      in murine models of cancer and allergy. CpG ODN also enhance the development of 
      acquired immune responses for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination.
FAU - Krieg, Arthur M
AU  - Krieg AM
AD  - Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA. 
      akrieg@coleypharma.com
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20011004
PL  - United States
TA  - Annu Rev Immunol
JT  - Annual review of immunology
JID - 8309206
RN  - 0 (Cancer Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (DNA, Bacterial)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B)
RN  - 0 (Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense)
RN  - 0 (Vaccines, DNA)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - B-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - Bacteria/genetics/immunology
MH  - Cancer Vaccines/genetics/immunology
MH  - CpG Islands/genetics/*immunology
MH  - DNA Methylation
MH  - DNA, Bacterial/*genetics
MH  - Dendritic Cells/immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypersensitivity/therapy
MH  - Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
MH  - Macrophages/immunology
MH  - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
MH  - Monocytes/immunology
MH  - NF-kappa B/metabolism
MH  - Neoplasms/therapy
MH  - Neutrophils/immunology
MH  - Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/adverse effects/genetics/pharmacology
MH  - Signal Transduction
MH  - T-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - Vaccines, DNA/genetics/immunology
RF  - 297
EDAT- 2002/02/28 10:00
MHDA- 2002/06/04 10:01
CRDT- 2002/02/28 10:00
PHST- 2002/02/28 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2002/06/04 10:01 [medline]
PHST- 2002/02/28 10:00 [entrez]
AID - 100301.064842 [pii]
AID - 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:709-60. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842. 
      Epub 2001 Oct 4.