PMID- 11949966
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20020502
LR  - 20190616
IS  - 0077-8923 (Print)
IS  - 0077-8923 (Linking)
VI  - 955
DP  - 2002 Mar
TI  - Premenstrual and menstrual changes in the macaque and human endometrium: 
      relevance to endometriosis.
PG  - 60-74; discussion 86-8, 396-406
AB  - According to current theory, endometriosis is initiated during retrograde 
      menstruation when menstrual fragments flow out of the fimbriated end of the 
      fallopian tubes and become established on the ovarian surface or other sites in 
      the peritoneal cavity. In recent years, new data have accumulated on the 
      properties of menstruating tissue itself, and several laboratories agree that 
      this tissue is rich in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that may facilitate 
      endometriotic implantation. Recently, we found that vascular endothelial growth 
      factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 (KDR) were dramatically upregulated in the 
      stromal cells of the superficial endometrial zones by progesterone (P) withdrawal 
      during the premenstrual phase. A unique role of VEGF at this stage of the cycle 
      may be to stimulate MMP expression in stromal cells because VEGF, KDR, and MMPs 
      were all coordinately induced in these cells in the superficial zone of the 
      primate endometrium by P withdrawal. The rich content of MMPs and VEGF in the 
      menstrual fragments could facilitate attachment and angiogenesis of menstrual 
      fragments in ectopic sites. In addition, a variety of chemokines, cytokines, and 
      cellular regulators are induced by P withdrawal in the premenstrual human 
      endometrium. These include NFKB, prostaglandins, interleukin-8 (IL-8), 
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), among 
      others. The perivascular expression of several of these factors may facilitate 
      the rapid invasion of leukocytes into the endometrium, especially in the 
      superficial zones. Consequently, menstrual fragments may be rich in IL-8 and 
      MCP-1, both of which would add to the angiogenic potential of such fragments in 
      ectopic sites. In sum, menstrual tissue is rich in VEGF, KDR, MMPs, leukocytes, 
      chemokines, cytokines, and prostaglandins, all factors that may facilitate 
      attachment and angiogenesis when menstrual fragments exit from the tubes and 
      implant on pelvic sites. Additional research on these and other factors in 
      premenstrual and menstrual endometrium may deepen our understanding of both the 
      establishment and progression of this debilitating disease.
FAU - Brenner, Robert M
AU  - Brenner RM
AD  - Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, 
      Beaverton 97006, USA. BrennerR@OHSU.edu
FAU - Nayak, Nihar R
AU  - Nayak NR
FAU - Slayden, Ov D
AU  - Slayden OD
FAU - Critchley, Hilary O D
AU  - Critchley HO
FAU - Kelly, Rodney W
AU  - Kelly RW
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Ann N Y Acad Sci
JT  - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
JID - 7506858
RN  - 0 (Endothelial Growth Factors)
RN  - 0 (Lymphokines)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Growth Factor)
RN  - 0 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A)
RN  - 0 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors)
RN  - EC 2.7.10.1 (Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases)
RN  - EC 2.7.10.1 (Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Endometriosis/physiopathology
MH  - Endometrium/metabolism/*physiology
MH  - Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lymphokines/metabolism
MH  - Macaca
MH  - *Menstruation
MH  - *Premenopause
MH  - Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
MH  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
MH  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
EDAT- 2002/04/13 10:00
MHDA- 2002/05/03 10:01
CRDT- 2002/04/13 10:00
PHST- 2002/04/13 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2002/05/03 10:01 [medline]
PHST- 2002/04/13 10:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02766.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Mar;955:60-74; discussion 86-8, 396-406. doi: 
      10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02766.x.