PMID- 12052543
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20030313
LR  - 20181130
IS  - 0378-1097 (Print)
IS  - 0378-1097 (Linking)
VI  - 211
IP  - 1
DP  - 2002 May 21
TI  - Altamira cave Paleolithic paintings harbor partly unknown bacterial communities.
PG  - 7-11
AB  - Since it has been reported that microorganisms can affect painting pigments, 
      Paleolithic painting microbiology deserves attention. The present study is the 
      first report on the bacterial colonization of the valuable Paleolithic paintings 
      in the famous Altamira cave (Spain). One sample taken from a painting area in the 
      Polychromes Hall was analyzed culture-independently. This was the first time 
      microbiologists were allowed to take sample material directly from Altamira 
      paintings. Identification methods included PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes 
      (16S rDNA) and community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel 
      electrophoresis (DGGE). The applied approach gave insight into a great bacterial 
      taxonomic diversity, and allowed the detection of unexpected and unknown bacteria 
      with potential effects on the conservation of the painting. Regarding the number 
      of 29 visible DGGE bands in the community fingerprint, the numbers of analyzed 
      clones described about 72% of the phylogenetic diversity present in the sample. 
      Thirty-eight percent of the sequences analyzed were phylogenetically most closely 
      related to cultivated bacteria, while the majority (62%) were most closely 
      related to environmental 16S rDNA clones. Bacteria identified in Altamira were 
      related with sequence similarities between 84.8 and 99.4% to members of the 
      cosmopolitan Proteobacteria (52.3%), to members of the Acidobacterium division 
      (23.8%), Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides phylum (9.5%), green non-sulfur 
      bacteria (4.8%), Planctomycetales (4.8%) and Actinobacteria (4.8%). The high 
      number of clones most closely related to environmental 16S rDNA clones showed the 
      broad spectrum of unknown and yet to be cultivated bacteria in Altamira cave.
FAU - Schabereiter-Gurtner, Claudia
AU  - Schabereiter-Gurtner C
AD  - Institut fur Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universitat Wien, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 
      A-1030, Vienna, Austria. gurtifox@gem.univie.ac.at
FAU - Saiz-Jimenez, Cesareo
AU  - Saiz-Jimenez C
FAU - Pinar, Guadalupe
AU  - Pinar G
FAU - Lubitz, Werner
AU  - Lubitz W
FAU - Rolleke, Sabine
AU  - Rolleke S
LA  - eng
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431088
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431089
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431092
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431094
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431095
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431096
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431101
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431102
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431106
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431111
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431117
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431119
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431123
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431124
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431125
SI  - GENBANK/AJ431131
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - FEMS Microbiol Lett
JT  - FEMS microbiology letters
JID - 7705721
RN  - 0 (DNA, Bacterial)
RN  - 0 (DNA, Ribosomal)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Archaeology
MH  - Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
MH  - DNA Fingerprinting
MH  - DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics
MH  - DNA, Ribosomal/analysis/genetics
MH  - *Environmental Microbiology
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - *Paintings
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
MH  - Spain
EDAT- 2002/06/08 10:00
MHDA- 2003/03/14 04:00
CRDT- 2002/06/08 10:00
PHST- 2002/06/08 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2003/03/14 04:00 [medline]
PHST- 2002/06/08 10:00 [entrez]
AID - S0378109702006687 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11195.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 May 21;211(1):7-11. doi: 
      10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11195.x.