PMID- 12063892
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20021223
LR  - 20220419
IS  - 1079-2082 (Print)
IS  - 1079-2082 (Linking)
VI  - 59
IP  - 11
DP  - 2002 Jun 1
TI  - Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, 
      and gamma-hydroxybutyrate.
PG  - 1067-76
AB  - The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine 
      hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs are 
      chemical substances used recreationally in social settings. Use is increasingly 
      frequent among young people, especially during all-night dance parties. All four 
      agents have been classified as controlled substances. MDMA ("ecstasy") is 
      available as a tablet, a capsule, and a powder; formulations may contain many 
      adulterants. MDMA increases the release of neurotransmitters. The desired effects 
      are euphoria, a feeling of intimacy, altered visual perception, enhanced libido, 
      and increased energy. The most common adverse effects are agitation, anxiety, 
      tachycardia, and hypertension. More serious adverse effects include arrhythmias, 
      hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis. Flunitrazepam is a potent benzodiazepine. At 
      higher doses, the drug can cause lack of muscle control and loss of 
      consciousness. Other adverse effects are hypotension, dizziness, confusion, and 
      occasional aggression. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used primarily in 
      veterinary practice. It may be injected, swallowed, snorted, or smoked. Like 
      phencyclidine, ketamine interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate channel. 
      Analgesic effects occur at lower doses and amnestic effects at higher doses. 
      Cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity may occur, as well as confusion, 
      hostility, and delirium. GHB, a naturally occurring fatty acid derivative of 
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, was introduced as a dietary supplement. Increasing doses 
      progressively produce amnesia, drowsiness, dizziness, euphoria, seizures, coma, 
      and death. Flunitrazepam, ketamine, and GHB have been used to facilitate sexual 
      assault. Supportive care is indicated for most cases of club drug intoxication. 
      The increasing abuse of MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, 
      particularly by young people in social settings such as clubs, should put health 
      care professionals on guard to recognize and manage serious reactions.
FAU - Smith, Kelly M
AU  - Smith KM
AD  - Drug Information Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center (UKCMC), 
      Lexington, USA.
FAU - Larive, Lisa L
AU  - Larive LL
FAU - Romanelli, Frank
AU  - Romanelli F
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Am J Health Syst Pharm
JT  - American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the 
      American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
JID - 9503023
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 620X0222FQ (Flunitrazepam)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - 7G33012534 (Sodium Oxybate)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Flunitrazepam/*adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Ketamine/*adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Sodium Oxybate/*adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
RF  - 102
EDAT- 2002/06/18 10:00
MHDA- 2002/12/27 04:00
CRDT- 2002/06/18 10:00
PHST- 2002/06/18 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2002/12/27 04:00 [medline]
PHST- 2002/06/18 10:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1067 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002 Jun 1;59(11):1067-76. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1067.