PMID- 12101074
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20030121
LR  - 20041117
IS  - 1148-5493 (Print)
IS  - 1148-5493 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 2
DP  - 2002 Apr-Jun
TI  - Cytokines in the generation and maturation of dendritic cells: recent advances.
PG  - 186-99
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are extremely efficient antigen presenting cells (APCs) 
      that are potent stimulators of both T and B cell-mediated immune responses. 
      Although DCs are normally present in very small numbers in the peripheral blood 
      (PB), recent advances have made it possible to generate relatively large numbers 
      of cells in culture. DCs can be differentiated in vitro from various cellular 
      sources, including bone marrow (BM), cord blood (CB) and PB mononuclear cells 
      (PBMCs). Although a wide variety of conditions have been reported to be able to 
      support DC generation, the majority of research and clinical protocols to date 
      differentiate DCs from precursors using granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating 
      factor (GM-CSF) in combination with either tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)alpha or 
      interleukin (IL)-4. However, a diverse array of cytokines has been shown to be 
      able to induce DC differentiation under a variety of conditions. According to 
      recent reports, cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, IL-15 and hepatocyte 
      growth factor (HGF), in combination or even, in some cases, alone, can contribute 
      to the generation of DCs from either monocytes or CD34+ cells. Although the 
      majority of cytokine combinations include GM-CSF, some do not. For example, Flt3 
      ligand (FL), in conjuction with IL-6 (in the absence of GM-CSF), has been 
      reported to be able to induce DC differentiation from BM cells in a murine 
      system. Other agents can play a dual role in DC activity. CD40 ligand (CD40L), as 
      a single agent, has been shown to be able to generate DCs from PB monocytes, 
      while numerous other reports have also demonstrated its role as a potent 
      maturation factor. In contrast, for other cytokines such as IL-16 or IL-17, 
      although there is no data for a role in DC generation, they have been reported to 
      be involved in promoting DC maturation in vitro as defined by upregulation of 
      costimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and 
      antigen presenting/T lymphocyte stimulatory capacity. Furthermore, cytokines such 
      as stem cell factor (SCF) and FL have been shown to dramatically enhance in vivo 
      DC recovery. The wide variety of cytokines and conditions that have been shown to 
      be able to influence DC differentiation and activity to amply demonstrate the 
      extreme heterogeneity found in the DC population, something that is reflected in 
      the diverse phenotypes, functions and ontogeny displayed by DCs. This diversity 
      may account for the large number of roles that have been attributed to DCs in the 
      development and function of the immune system and, in turn, emphasizes the 
      potential as well as the challenges of modifying specific aspects of the immune 
      response system by manipulating specific DC subpopulations.
FAU - Zou, Gang M
AU  - Zou GM
AD  - Section of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Rush Cancer Institute, 
      Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA. gzou@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
FAU - Tam, Ying K
AU  - Tam YK
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - France
TA  - Eur Cytokine Netw
JT  - European cytokine network
JID - 9100879
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Interleukins)
RN  - 9008-11-1 (Interferons)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology/immunology
MH  - Cytokines/*physiology
MH  - Dendritic Cells/cytology/*immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Interferons/physiology
MH  - Interleukins/physiology
RF  - 118
EDAT- 2002/07/09 10:00
MHDA- 2003/01/22 04:00
CRDT- 2002/07/09 10:00
PHST- 2002/07/09 10:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2003/01/22 04:00 [medline]
PHST- 2002/07/09 10:00 [entrez]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur Cytokine Netw. 2002 Apr-Jun;13(2):186-99.