PMID- 12581276
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20030520
LR  - 20190721
IS  - 0105-1873 (Print)
IS  - 0105-1873 (Linking)
VI  - 47
IP  - 6
DP  - 2002 Dec
TI  - The local lymph node assay: past, present and future.
PG  - 315-28
AB  - The local lymph node assay (LLNA) was developed originally as a method for the 
      identification of chemicals that have the potential to cause skin sensitization 
      and allergic contact dermatitis. The assay is based on an understanding that the 
      acquisition of contact sensitization is associated with, and dependent upon, the 
      stimulation by chemical allergens of lymphocyte proliferative responses in 
      skin-draining lymph nodes. Those chemicals that provoke a defined level of lymph 
      node cell (LNC) proliferation (a 3-fold or greater increase compared with 
      concurrent vehicle controls) are classified as skin sensitizers. Following its 
      original inception and development, the LLNA was the subject of both national and 
      international interlaboratory collaborative trials, and of very detailed 
      comparisons with other test methods and with human skin sensitization data. The 
      assay has now been validated fully as a stand-alone test for the purposes of 
      hazard identification. In recent years, there has been a growing interest also in 
      the use of the LLNA to assess the potency of contact allergens and in risk 
      assessment. There is reason to believe that the extent of skin sensitization 
      achieved is associated with the vigour of LNC proliferation induced in draining 
      nodes. Given this relationship, the relative potency of skin sensitizing 
      chemicals is measured in the LLNA by derivation of an EC3 value, this being the 
      concentration of chemical required to provoke a 3-fold increase in the 
      proliferation of LNC compared with controls. Experience to date indicates that 
      relative potency as determined using this approach correlates closely with what 
      is known of the activity of skin sensitizing chemicals in humans. In this 
      article, we review the development, evaluation and validation of the LLNA for the 
      purposes of hazard identification, and the more recent application of the method 
      for evaluation of potency in the context of risk assessment. In addition, we 
      consider what new applications and modifications are currently being 
      investigated.
FAU - Kimber, Ian
AU  - Kimber I
AD  - Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, 
      UK. ian.kimber@syngenta.com
FAU - Dearman, R J
AU  - Dearman RJ
FAU - Basketter, D A
AU  - Basketter DA
FAU - Ryan, C A
AU  - Ryan CA
FAU - Gerberick, G F
AU  - Gerberick GF
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Contact Dermatitis
JT  - Contact dermatitis
JID - 7604950
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/pharmacology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Skin/*drug effects
RF  - 127
EDAT- 2003/02/13 04:00
MHDA- 2003/05/21 05:00
CRDT- 2003/02/13 04:00
PHST- 2003/02/13 04:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2003/05/21 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2003/02/13 04:00 [entrez]
AID - cod470601 [pii]
AID - 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470601.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Contact Dermatitis. 2002 Dec;47(6):315-28. doi: 
      10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470601.x.