PMID- 12667887
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20030917
LR  - 20190916
IS  - 0163-7258 (Print)
IS  - 0163-7258 (Linking)
VI  - 98
IP  - 1
DP  - 2003 Apr
TI  - Altered states: the clinical effects of Ecstasy.
PG  - 35-58
AB  - Ecstasy is the second most widely abused illegal drug in Europe. Ecstasy is the 
      colloquial name for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), but not all Ecstasy 
      tablets contain MDMA. When taken in hot, crowded environments, Ecstasy/MDMA users 
      have developed acute complications that have had fatal consequences. 
      Epidemiological evidence indicates that adverse reactions to Ecstasy/MDMA 
      intoxication are rare and idiosyncratic. Potential mechanisms of action are 
      reviewed. In animal studies, MDMA damages serotonergic fibres and reduces the 
      number of serotonin transporter sites within the CNS. Demonstration of 
      neurotoxicity in human users of Ecstasy is hampered by a number of confounds that 
      the majority of published studies have failed to address. These confounds are 
      reviewed and their impact is discussed.
FAU - Cole, J C
AU  - Cole JC
AD  - Psychology Department, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK. 
      j.c.cole@liv.ac.uk
FAU - Sumnall, H R
AU  - Sumnall HR
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Pharmacol Ther
JT  - Pharmacology & therapeutics
JID - 7905840
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 4764-17-4 (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - ML1I4KK67B (3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/adverse effects/*analogs & 
      derivatives/pharmacology/poisoning
MH  - Brain/drug effects/physiology
MH  - Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
MH  - Cognition Disorders/chemically induced/psychology
MH  - Hallucinogens/adverse effects/*pharmacology/poisoning
MH  - Humans
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/adverse effects/*pharmacology/poisoning
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders/mortality
RF  - 410
EDAT- 2003/04/02 05:00
MHDA- 2003/09/18 05:00
CRDT- 2003/04/02 05:00
PHST- 2003/04/02 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2003/09/18 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2003/04/02 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0163725803000032 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00003-2 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Apr;98(1):35-58. doi: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00003-2.