PMID- 12763673
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20030820
LR  - 20240109
IS  - 0166-445X (Print)
IS  - 0166-445X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1
DP  - 2003 Jun 19
TI  - Effects and toxicity of phthalate esters to hemocytes of giant freshwater prawn, 
      Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
PG  - 25-37
AB  - Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been considered as environmental pollutants and have 
      been subject to control in the United States of America and Japan. The aim of 
      this study was to investigate the effects and toxicity of eight PAEs to hemocytes 
      and the defense functions of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), 
      including hemocytic adhesion, pseudopodia formation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, 
      and superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production, by means of in vitro exposure 
      experiments. After hemocytes were treated separately with eight PAEs at 
      concentrations of 100 microg/ml, the results showed that two PAEs (dipropyl 
      phthalate, DPrP and diethyl phthalate, DEP) increased cells with pseudopodia 
      formation, but decreased adhesive cells; reduction in the percentages of both 
      pseudopodia formation and adhesive cells were detected in the dihexyl phthalate 
      (DHP) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) experiment groups; and di-(2-ethyl hexyl) 
      phthalate (DEHP) decreased pseudopodia formation, but did not affect the 
      adhesion. In addition, both PO activity and O(2)(-) production were decreased 
      after hemocytes were treated with five PAEs (benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), 
      di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), DEP, DHP and DPrP), respectively. At the same time, 
      microscopy showed that both DPrP and DHP altered morphology of the cell nucleus 
      and led to the presence of vacuoles in cytosol of hemocytes. Using the annexin 
      assay, and after analysis of DNA fragmentation and transmission electron 
      microscopy (TEM), it was found that hemocytes exposed to DHP and DPrP for more 
      than 10 min would primarily die via apoptosis, the fatality correlates with 
      increasing treatment time; and hemocytes treated with either BBP, dicyclohexyl 
      phthalate (DCP), DEP or DPP would primarily die via necrosis. According to these 
      results, we suggest that all eight PAEs examined could damage hemocytes and 
      further influence the defense mechanism of prawns. This study reveals an 
      important precaution for prawn cultivation.
FAU - Sung, Hung-Hung
AU  - Sung HH
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC. 
      hhsung@mail.scu.edu.tw
FAU - Kao, Wei-Yi
AU  - Kao WY
FAU - Su, Yi-Jen
AU  - Su YJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Aquat Toxicol
JT  - Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
JID - 8500246
RN  - 0 (Esters)
RN  - 0 (Phthalic Acids)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 11062-77-4 (Superoxides)
RN  - EC 1.14.18.1 (Monophenol Monooxygenase)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cell Adhesion/drug effects
MH  - Cell Nucleus/drug effects/pathology
MH  - Cells, Cultured
MH  - Crustacea/*drug effects
MH  - DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Esters/*toxicity
MH  - Fresh Water
MH  - Hemocytes/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Immunity, Cellular/*drug effects
MH  - In Vitro Techniques
MH  - Monophenol Monooxygenase/drug effects
MH  - Phthalic Acids/*toxicity
MH  - Pseudopodia/drug effects
MH  - Superoxides/metabolism
MH  - Vacuoles/drug effects
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
EDAT- 2003/05/24 05:00
MHDA- 2003/08/21 05:00
CRDT- 2003/05/24 05:00
PHST- 2003/05/24 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2003/08/21 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2003/05/24 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0166445X03000110 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00011-0 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Aquat Toxicol. 2003 Jun 19;64(1):25-37. doi: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00011-0.