PMID- 14606523
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040122
LR  - 20191108
IS  - 1601-6335 (Print)
IS  - 1601-6335 (Linking)
VI  - 6
IP  - 4
DP  - 2003 Nov
TI  - Molecular fingerprinting of TGFbeta-treated embryonic maxillary mesenchymal 
      cells.
PG  - 194-209
AB  - The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF(beta)) family represents a class of 
      signaling molecules that plays a central role in normal embryonic development, 
      specifically in development of the craniofacial region. Members of this family 
      are vital to development of the secondary palate where they regulate maxillary 
      and palate mesenchymal cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. The 
      function of this growth factor family is particularly critical in that 
      perturbation of either process results in a cleft of the palate. While the 
      cellular and phenotypic effects of TGF(beta) on embryonic craniofacial tissue 
      have been extensively cataloged, the specific genes that function as downstream 
      mediators of TGF(beta) in maxillary/palatal development are poorly defined. Gene 
      expression arrays offer the ability to conduct a rapid, simultaneous assessment 
      of hundreds to thousands of differentially expressed genes in a single study. 
      Inasmuch as the downstream sequelae of TGF(beta) action are only partially 
      defined, a complementary DNA (cDNA) expression array technology (Clontech's Atlas 
      Mouse cDNA Expression Arrays), was utilized to delineate a profile of 
      differentially expressed genes from TGF(beta)-treated primary cultures of murine 
      embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells. Hybridization of a membrane-based cDNA 
      array (1178 genes) was performed with 32P-labeled cDNA probes synthesized from 
      RNA isolated from either TGF(beta)-treated or vehicle-treated embryonic maxillary 
      mesenchymal cells. Resultant phosphorimages were subject to AtlasImage analysis 
      in order to determine differences in gene expression between control and 
      TGF(beta)-treated maxillary mesenchymal cells. Of the 1178 arrayed genes, 552 
      (47%) demonstrated detectable levels of expression. Steady state levels of 22 
      genes were up-regulated, while those of 8 other genes were down-regulated, by a 
      factor of twofold or greater in response to TGF(beta). Affected genes could be 
      grouped into three general functional categories: transcription factors and 
      general DNA-binding proteins; growth factors/signaling molecules; and 
      extracellular matrix and related proteins. The extent of hybridization of each 
      gene was evaluated by comparison with the abundant, constitutively expressed 
      mRNAs: ubiquitin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ornithine 
      decarboxylase (ODC), cytoplasmic beta-actin and 40S ribosomal protein. No 
      detectable changes were observed in the expression levels of these genes 
      in-response to TGF(beta) treatment. Gene expression profiling results were 
      verified by Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Utilization of cDNA 
      microarray technology has enabled us to delineate a preliminary transcriptional 
      map of TGF(beta) responsiveness in embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells. The 
      profile of differentially expressed genes offers revealing insights into 
      potential molecular regulatory mechanisms employed by TGF(beta) in orchestrating 
      craniofacial ontogeny.
FAU - Pisano, M M
AU  - Pisano MM
AD  - Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD University of 
      Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. pisano@louisville.edu
FAU - Mukhopadhyay, P
AU  - Mukhopadhyay P
FAU - Greene, R M
AU  - Greene RM
LA  - eng
GR  - DE05550/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - DE12363/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - DE12858/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20RR017702/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - England
TA  - Orthod Craniofac Res
JT  - Orthodontics & craniofacial research
JID - 101144387
RN  - 0 (DNA, Complementary)
RN  - 0 (DNA-Binding Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Extracellular Matrix Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Growth Substances)
RN  - 0 (Transcription Factors)
RN  - 0 (Transforming Growth Factor beta)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - DNA Fingerprinting
MH  - DNA, Complementary/genetics
MH  - DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Down-Regulation/genetics
MH  - Extracellular Matrix Proteins/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Gene Expression Profiling
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Growth Substances/genetics
MH  - Maxilla/drug effects/*embryology
MH  - Mesoderm/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred Strains
MH  - Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
MH  - Signal Transduction/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Transcription Factors/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Transforming Growth Factor beta/*pharmacology
MH  - Up-Regulation/genetics
EDAT- 2003/11/11 05:00
MHDA- 2004/01/24 05:00
CRDT- 2003/11/11 05:00
PHST- 2003/11/11 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/01/24 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2003/11/11 05:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2003.00264.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Orthod Craniofac Res. 2003 Nov;6(4):194-209. doi: 
      10.1034/j.1600-0544.2003.00264.x.