PMID- 14644494
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040217
LR  - 20190708
IS  - 0378-1119 (Print)
IS  - 0378-1119 (Linking)
VI  - 322
DP  - 2003 Dec 11
TI  - Organization and evolution of multifunctional Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinase 
      genes.
PG  - 17-31
AB  - The "multi-functional" Ca(2+) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, type II 
      (CaMK-II) is an evolutionarily conserved protein. It has been found as a single 
      gene in the horseshoe crab, marine sponge, sea urchin, nematode, and fruit fly, 
      whereas most vertebrates possess four genes (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). 
      Species from fruit flies to humans encode alternative splice variants which are 
      differentially targeted to phosphorylate diverse downstream targets of Ca(2+) 
      signaling. By comparing known CaMK-II protein and nucleotide sequences, we have 
      now provided evidence for the evolutionary relatedness of CaMK-IIs. Parsimony 
      analyses unambiguously indicate that the four vertebrate CaMK-II genes arose via 
      repeated duplications. Nucleotide phylogenies show consistent but moderate 
      support for the placement of the vertebrate delta CaMK-II as the earliest 
      diverging vertebrate gene. delta CaMK-II is the only gene with both central and 
      C-terminal variable domains and has three to four times more intronic sequence 
      than the other three genes. beta and gamma CaMK-II genes show strong sequence 
      similarity and have comparable exon and intron organization and utilization. 
      alpha CaMK-II is absent from amphibians (Xenopus laevis) and has the most 
      restricted tissue specificity in mammals, whereas beta, gamma, and delta CaMK-IIs 
      are expressed in most tissues. All 38 known mammalian CaMK-II splice variants 
      were compiled with their tissue specificity and exon usage. Some of these 
      variants use alternative 5' and 3' donors within a single exon as well as 
      alternative promoters. These findings serve as an important benchmark for future 
      phylogenetic, developmental, or biochemical studies on this important, conserved, 
      and highly regulated gene family.
FAU - Tombes, Robert M
AU  - Tombes RM
AD  - Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012, 
      USA. rmtombes@vcu.edu
FAU - Faison, M Omar
AU  - Faison MO
FAU - Turbeville, J M
AU  - Turbeville JM
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Review
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Gene
JT  - Gene
JID - 7706761
RN  - EC 2.7.11.17 (Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.17 (Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Animals
MH  - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
MH  - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*genetics/metabolism
MH  - *Evolution, Molecular
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
MH  - Genes/*genetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
RF  - 114
EDAT- 2003/12/04 05:00
MHDA- 2004/02/18 05:00
CRDT- 2003/12/04 05:00
PHST- 2003/12/04 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/02/18 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2003/12/04 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0378111903008783 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.gene.2003.08.023 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Gene. 2003 Dec 11;322:17-31. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.08.023.