PMID- 14977559
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040602
LR  - 20190901
IS  - 1093-9946 (Print)
IS  - 1093-4715 (Linking)
VI  - 9
DP  - 2004 May 1
TI  - Modulators of urinary stone formation.
PG  - 1450-82
AB  - Urine contains compounds that modulate the nucleation, growth and aggregation of 
      crystals as well as their attachment to renal epithelial cells. These compounds 
      may function to protect the kidneys against: 1, the possibility of 
      crystallization in tubular fluid and urine, which are generally metastable with 
      respect to calcium salts, 2, crystal retention within the kidneys thereby 
      preventing stone formation and 3, possibly against plaque formation at the 
      nephron basement membrane. Since oxalate is the most common stone type, the 
      effect of various modulators on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization has been 
      examined in greater details. Most of the inhibitory activity resides in 
      macromolecules such as glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans while nucleation 
      promotion activity is most likely sustained by membrane lipids. Nephrocalcin, 
      Tamm-Horsfall protein, osteopontin, urinary prothrombin fragment 1, and bikunin 
      are the most studied inhibitory proteins while chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan 
      sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are the best studied glycosaminoglycans. 
      Crystallization modulating macromolecules discussed here are also prominent in 
      cell injury, inflammation and recovery. Renal epithelial cells on exposure to 
      oxalate and CaOx crystals produce some of the inflammatory molecules such as 
      monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) with no apparent role in crystal 
      formation. In addition, macrophages surround the CaOx crystals present in the 
      renal interstitium. These observations indicate a close relationship between 
      inflammation and nephrolithiasis.
FAU - Khan, Saeed R
AU  - Khan SR
AD  - Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. 
      khan@pathology.ufl.edu
FAU - Kok, Dirk J
AU  - Kok DJ
LA  - eng
GR  - DK-59765/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DK-53962/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PT  - Review
DEP - 20040501
PL  - United States
TA  - Front Biosci
JT  - Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library
JID - 9709506
RN  - 0 (Calcium Phosphates)
RN  - 0 (Diphosphates)
RN  - 0 (Diphosphonates)
RN  - 0 (Glycosaminoglycans)
RN  - 0 (Membrane Lipids)
RN  - 0 (Proteins)
RN  - 2612HC57YE (Calcium Oxalate)
RN  - 2968PHW8QP (Citric Acid)
RN  - 97Z1WI3NDX (calcium phosphate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Calcium Oxalate/chemistry
MH  - Calcium Phosphates/chemistry
MH  - Citric Acid/metabolism
MH  - Crystallization
MH  - Diphosphates/metabolism
MH  - Diphosphonates/metabolism
MH  - Glycosaminoglycans/physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Membrane Lipids/physiology
MH  - Proteins/physiology
MH  - Urinary Calculi/etiology/*metabolism/pathology
RF  - 323
EDAT- 2004/02/24 05:00
MHDA- 2004/06/03 05:00
CRDT- 2004/02/24 05:00
PHST- 2004/02/24 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/06/03 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/02/24 05:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.2741/1347 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Biosci. 2004 May 1;9:1450-82. doi: 10.2741/1347.