PMID- 15098202
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20041209
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1542-9733 (Print)
IS  - 1542-9733 (Linking)
VI  - 71
IP  - 2
DP  - 2004 Apr
TI  - Developmental toxicity evaluation of emodin in rats and mice.
PG  - 89-101
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emodin, a widely available herbal remedy, was evaluated for potential 
      effects on pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Emodin was administered in feed to 
      timed-mated Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (0, 425, 850, and 1700 ppm; gestational day 
      [GD] 6-20), and Swiss Albino (CD-1) mice (0, 600, 2500 or 6000 ppm; GD 6-17). 
      Ingested dose was 0, 31, 57, and approximately 80-144 mg emodin/kg/day (rats) and 
      0, 94, 391, and 1005 mg emodin/kg/day (mice). Timed-mated animals (23-25/group) 
      were monitored for body weight, feed/water consumption, and clinical signs. At 
      termination (rats: GD 20; mice: GD 17), confirmed pregnant dams (21-25/group) 
      were evaluated for clinical signs: body, liver, kidney, and gravid uterine 
      weights, uterine contents, and number of corpora lutea. Fetuses were weighed, 
      sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal 
      malformations/variations. RESULTS: There were no maternal deaths. In rats, 
      maternal body weight, weight gain during treatment, and corrected weight gain 
      exhibited a decreasing trend. Maternal body weight gain during treatment was 
      significantly reduced at the high dose. In mice, maternal body weight and weight 
      gain was decreased at the high dose. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal mortality, live litter 
      size, fetal sex ratio, and morphological development were unaffected in both rats 
      and mice. At the high dose, rat average fetal body weight per litter was 
      unaffected, but was significantly reduced in mice. The rat maternal lowest 
      observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 1700 ppm; the no observed adverse 
      effect level (NOAEL) was 850 ppm. The rat developmental toxicity NOAEL was > or 
      =1700 ppm. A LOAEL was not established. In mice, the maternal toxicity LOAEL was 
      6000 ppm and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. The developmental toxicity LOAEL was 6000 
      ppm (reduced fetal body weight) and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm.
CI  - Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FAU - Jahnke, Gloria D
AU  - Jahnke GD
AD  - Sciences International Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, USA. jahnke@niehs.nih.gov
FAU - Price, Catherine J
AU  - Price CJ
FAU - Marr, Melissa C
AU  - Marr MC
FAU - Myers, Christina B
AU  - Myers CB
FAU - George, Julia D
AU  - George JD
LA  - eng
GR  - N01-ES-65405/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - United States
TA  - Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol
JT  - Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology
JID - 101155115
RN  - 0 (Enzyme Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Teratogens)
RN  - KA46RNI6HN (Emodin)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
MH  - Abnormalities, Multiple/chemically induced
MH  - Animal Feed
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Drinking
MH  - Embryonic Development/*drug effects
MH  - Emodin/*toxicity
MH  - Enzyme Inhibitors/*toxicity
MH  - Female
MH  - Fetal Weight/drug effects
MH  - Male
MH  - Maternal Exposure
MH  - Mice
MH  - Models, Chemical
MH  - Muridae
MH  - No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Pregnancy, Animal
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
MH  - Species Specificity
MH  - Teratogens
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2004/04/21 05:00
MHDA- 2004/12/16 09:00
CRDT- 2004/04/21 05:00
PHST- 2004/04/21 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/12/16 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/04/21 05:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/bdrb.20002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2004 Apr;71(2):89-101. doi: 
      10.1002/bdrb.20002.