PMID- 15163594
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20041230
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 0163-7258 (Print)
IS  - 0163-7258 (Linking)
VI  - 102
IP  - 2
DP  - 2004 May
TI  - Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.
PG  - 131-8
AB  - It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or 
      are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well known is that many 
      hallucinogens and dissociative agents can be obtained from plants and fungi 
      growing wild or in gardens. Some of these botanical sources can be located 
      throughout the United States; others have a more narrow distribution. This 
      article reviews plants containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine, reversible type A 
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), lysergic acid amide, the anticholinergic 
      drugs atropine and scopolamine, or the diterpene salvinorin-A (Salvia divinorum). 
      Also reviewed are mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing 
      mushrooms, and the Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina mushrooms that contain 
      muscimol and ibotenic acid. Dangerous misidentification is most common with the 
      mushrooms, but even a novice forager can quickly learn how to properly identify 
      and prepare for ingestion many of these plants. Moreover, through the 
      ever-expanding dissemination of information via the Internet, this knowledge is 
      being obtained and acted upon by more and more individuals. This general overview 
      includes information on the geographical range, drug content, preparation, 
      intoxication, and the special health risks associated with some of these plants. 
      Information is also offered on the unique issue of when bona fide religions use 
      such plants as sacraments in the United States. In addition to the Native 
      American Church's (NAC) longstanding right to peyote, two religions of Brazilian 
      origin, the Santo Daime and the Uniao do Vegetal (UDV), are seeking legal 
      protection in the United States for their use of sacramental 
      dimethyltryptamine-containing "ayahuasca."
FAU - Halpern, John H
AU  - Halpern JH
AD  - Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard 
      Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA. 
      John_Halpern@hms.harvard.edu
LA  - eng
GR  - K23-DA00494/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Pharmacol Ther
JT  - Pharmacology & therapeutics
JID - 7905840
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 2552-55-8 (Ibotenic Acid)
RN  - 2763-96-4 (Muscimol)
RN  - WUB601BHAA (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Dissociative Disorders/*chemically induced/psychology
MH  - Fungi/chemistry/growth & development
MH  - Hallucinogens/*adverse effects/*chemistry/isolation & purification
MH  - Ibotenic Acid/chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology
MH  - Muscimol/chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology
MH  - N,N-Dimethyltryptamine/chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology
MH  - Plant Development
MH  - Plants/chemistry/classification
MH  - United States
RF  - 61
EDAT- 2004/05/28 05:00
MHDA- 2004/12/31 09:00
CRDT- 2004/05/28 05:00
PHST- 2004/05/28 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/12/31 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/05/28 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0163725804000476 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharmacol Ther. 2004 May;102(2):131-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003.