PMID- 15172595
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040803
LR  - 20161124
IS  - 0045-6535 (Print)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 56
IP  - 3
DP  - 2004 Jul
TI  - Use and validation of novel snow samplers for hydrophobic, semi-volatile organic 
      compounds (SVOCs).
PG  - 227-35
AB  - Two novel gas-tight snow samplers (snow-can and snow-tube) are presented and the 
      performance of the snow-can in a field trial was assessed. The methodology for 
      the sampling, extraction and analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are 
      detailed. These samplers allow the various components of a snow sample to be 
      analysed separately; these included the meltwater (MW), particulate matter (GFF) 
      and vapour in the headspace (HS). Snow samples collected on the Punta Indren 
      glacier in the Italian Alps revealed the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls 
      (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides 
      (OC). Replicate samples of the same snow type were undertaken as a test of 
      sampling precision. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for SigmaPCBs and 
      SigmaPAHs were approximately 30% and approximately 35% respectively. The lowest 
      precision was found for the particle-laden snow, notably for the heavier PCB 
      homologues. For the chlorinated compounds, the pesticides lindane and 
      endosulfan-I had the highest levels in snow, with mean concentrations of 402 and 
      103 pgl(-1) (snow meltwater) respectively. The vapour present in the headspace 
      (HS) comprised a minor component of a collected sample for all compounds, but HS 
      concentrations for three lighter PAHs gave good agreement with those calculated 
      based on their dimensionless Henry's law constants. This suggests that 
      volatilisation during melting of aged snow-can be reasonably predicted with 
      knowledge of the temperature-dependent Henry's law constant.
FAU - Herbert, B M J
AU  - Herbert BM
AD  - Environmental Science Department, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, 
      UK.
FAU - Halsall, C J
AU  - Halsall CJ
FAU - Fitzpatrick, L
AU  - Fitzpatrick L
FAU - Villa, S
AU  - Villa S
FAU - Jones, K C
AU  - Jones KC
FAU - Thomas, G O
AU  - Thomas GO
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Ice)
RN  - 0 (Insecticides)
RN  - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Altitude
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods
MH  - Geologic Sediments/chemistry
MH  - Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
MH  - Ice/analysis
MH  - Insecticides/*analysis
MH  - Italy
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis
MH  - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - *Snow
MH  - Specimen Handling/instrumentation
MH  - Temperature
MH  - Volatilization
EDAT- 2004/06/03 05:00
MHDA- 2004/08/04 05:00
CRDT- 2004/06/03 05:00
PHST- 2003/08/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/02/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2004/03/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2004/06/03 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/08/04 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/06/03 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(04)00164-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.004 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2004 Jul;56(3):227-35. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.004.