PMID- 15207384
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040803
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 0278-6915 (Print)
IS  - 0278-6915 (Linking)
VI  - 42
IP  - 8
DP  - 2004 Aug
TI  - Chemical analysis and genotoxicological safety assessment of paper and paperboard 
      used for food packaging.
PG  - 1323-37
AB  - This study presents the research on the chemical analysis and genotoxicity of 28 
      virgin/recycled paper products in food-contact use. In the chemical analysis, 
      paper products were extracted by reflux with ethanol, and analyzed by gas 
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's 
      ketone: MK), 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone (DEAB), 
      4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (DMAB) and bisphenol A (BPA) were found 
      characteristically in recycled products. Seventy-five percent of the recycled 
      paper products contained MK (1.7-12 microg/g), 67% contained DEAB (0.64-10 micro 
      g/g), 33% contained DMAB (0.68-0.9 microg/g) and 67% contained BPA (0.19-26 
      microg/g). Although, BPA was also detected in virgin paper products, the 
      detection levels in the recycled products were ten or more times higher than 
      those in the virgin products. The genotoxicity of paper and paperboard extracts 
      and compounds found in them were investigated by Rec-assay and comet assay. Of 
      the 28 products tested by Rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis, 13 possessed 
      DNA-damaging activity. More recycled than virgin products (75% against 25%) 
      exhibited such activity, which, of the compounds, was observed in BPA, 
      1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 
      2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), and 
      pentachlorophenol. The critical toxicant in one virgin paper product was 
      concluded to be BIT. Eight samples with DNA-damaging activity were also tested by 
      comet assay using HL-60 cells; six induced comet cells significantly (five times 
      or higher than the control) without a decrease of viable cells. TCP, BZ, DEAB, 
      and BIT also caused a slight increase in comet cells. In conclusion, we showed 
      that most recycled paper products contain chemicals such as MK, DEAB, DMAB, and 
      BPA, and possess genotoxicity. However, the levels of the chemicals in the 
      recycled products could not explain their genotoxic effects.
FAU - Ozaki, Asako
AU  - Ozaki A
AD  - Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, 
      Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan. a.ozaki@iphes.city.osaka.jp
FAU - Yamaguchi, Yukihiko
AU  - Yamaguchi Y
FAU - Fujita, Tadao
AU  - Fujita T
FAU - Kuroda, Koichi
AU  - Kuroda K
FAU - Endo, Ginji
AU  - Endo G
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - Food Chem Toxicol
JT  - Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British 
      Industrial Biological Research Association
JID - 8207483
RN  - 0 (Indicators and Reagents)
RN  - 0 (Mutagens)
RN  - 0 (Solvents)
RN  - I2ZWO3LS3M (Trypan Blue)
SB  - IM
MH  - Apoptosis/drug effects
MH  - Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Comet Assay
MH  - DNA Damage/drug effects
MH  - DNA Repair/drug effects
MH  - *Food Packaging
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - HL-60 Cells
MH  - Humans
MH  - Indicators and Reagents
MH  - Mutagenicity Tests
MH  - Mutagens/*analysis/*toxicity
MH  - Necrosis
MH  - *Paper
MH  - Solvents
MH  - Trypan Blue
EDAT- 2004/06/23 05:00
MHDA- 2004/08/04 05:00
CRDT- 2004/06/23 05:00
PHST- 2003/12/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/03/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2004/06/23 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/08/04 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/06/23 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0278691504000948 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.fct.2004.03.010 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Aug;42(8):1323-37. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.03.010.