PMID- 15240340
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20040920
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 0003-4878 (Print)
IS  - 0003-4878 (Linking)
VI  - 48
IP  - 5
DP  - 2004 Jul
TI  - Personal exposure to ultrafine particles in the workplace: exploring sampling 
      techniques and strategies.
PG  - 439-53
AB  - Recently, toxicological and epidemiological studies on health effects related to 
      particle exposure suggest that 'ultrafine particles' (particles with an 
      aerodynamic diameter of <100 nm) may cause severe health effects after 
      inhalation. Although the toxicological mechanisms for these effects have not yet 
      been explained, it is apparent that measuring exposures against mass alone is not 
      sufficient. It is also necessary to consider exposures against surface area and 
      number concentration. From earlier research it was hypothesized that results on 
      number concentration and particle distributions may vary with distance to the 
      source, limiting the reliability of estimates of personal exposure from results 
      which were obtained using static measurement equipment. Therefore, a workplace 
      study was conducted to explore the performance of measurement methods in a 
      multi-source emission scenario as part of a sampling strategy to estimate 
      personal exposure. In addition, a laboratory study was conducted to determine 
      possible influences of both distance to source and time course on particle number 
      concentration and particle size distribution. In both studies different 
      measurement equipment and techniques were used to characterize (total) particle 
      number concentration. These included a condensation particle counter (CPC), a 
      scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an electrical low pressure impactor 
      (ELPI). For the present studies CPC devices seemed to perform well for the 
      identification of particle emission sources. The range of ultrafine particle 
      number concentration can be detected by both SMPS and ELPI. An important 
      advantage of the ELPI is that aerosols with ultrafine sizes can be collected for 
      further analysis. Specific surface area of the aerosols can be estimated using 
      gas adsorption analysis; however, with this technique ultrafine particles cannot 
      be distinguished from particles with non-ultrafine sizes. Consequently, estimates 
      based on samples collected from the breathing zone and scanning electron 
      microscopic analysis may give a more reliable estimate of the specific surface 
      area of the ultrafine particles responsible for personal exposure. The results of 
      both the experimental and the workplace study suggest both spatial and temporal 
      variation in total number concentration and aerosol size distribution. Therefore, 
      the results obtained from static measurements and grab sampling should be 
      interpreted with care as estimates of personal exposure. For evaluation of 
      workplace exposure to ultrafine particles it is recommended that all relevant 
      characteristics of such exposure are measured as part of a well-designed sampling 
      strategy.
FAU - Brouwer, Derk H
AU  - Brouwer DH
AD  - TNO Chemistry, Department of Food and Chemical Risk Analysis, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ 
      Zeist, The Netherlands. brouwer@chemie.tno.nl
FAU - Gijsbers, Jose H J
AU  - Gijsbers JH
FAU - Lurvink, Marc W M
AU  - Lurvink MW
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20040707
PL  - England
TA  - Ann Occup Hyg
JT  - The Annals of occupational hygiene
JID - 0203526
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational)
RN  - 0 (Ferric Compounds)
RN  - 1K09F3G675 (ferric oxide)
RN  - 7440-44-0 (Carbon)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols/analysis
MH  - Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis
MH  - Carbon/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods
MH  - Ferric Compounds/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inhalation Exposure/analysis
MH  - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods
MH  - Occupational Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - *Welding
MH  - Workplace
EDAT- 2004/07/09 05:00
MHDA- 2004/09/21 05:00
CRDT- 2004/07/09 05:00
PHST- 2004/07/09 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/09/21 05:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/07/09 05:00 [entrez]
AID - meh040 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/annhyg/meh040 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Occup Hyg. 2004 Jul;48(5):439-53. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meh040. Epub 2004 Jul 
      7.