PMID- 15291896
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20050210
LR  - 20061115
IS  - 0105-4538 (Print)
IS  - 0105-4538 (Linking)
VI  - 59
IP  - 9
DP  - 2004 Sep
TI  - Genes of tolerance.
PG  - 897-913
AB  - Activation-induced cell death, anergy and/or immune response modulation by 
      T-regulatory cells (T(Reg)) are essential mechanisms of peripheral T-cell 
      tolerance. There is growing evidence that anergy, tolerance and active 
      suppression are not entirely distinct, but rather, represent linked mechanisms 
      possibly involving the same cells and multiple suppressor mechanisms. Skewing of 
      allergen-specific effector T cells to T(Reg) cells appears as a crucial event in 
      the control of healthy immune response to allergens and successful 
      allergen-specific immunotherapy. The T(Reg) cell response is characterized by 
      abolished allergen-induced specific T-cell proliferation and suppressed T helper 
      1 (Th1)- and Th2-type cytokine secretion. In addition, mediators of allergic 
      inflammation that trigger cAMP-associated G-protein coupled receptors, such as 
      histamine receptor 2 may contribute to peripheral tolerance mechanisms. The 
      increased levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta 
      (TGF-beta) that are produced by T(Reg) cells potently suppress immunoglobulin E 
      (IgE) production, while simultaneously increasing production of noninflammatory 
      isotypes IgG4 and IgA, respectively. In addition, T(Reg) cells directly or 
      indirectly suppress effector cells of allergic inflammation such as mast cells, 
      basophils and eosinophils. In conclusion, peripheral tolerance to allergens is 
      controlled by multiple active suppression mechanisms. It is associated with 
      regulation of antibody isotypes and effector cells to the direction of a healthy 
      immune response and opens a window for novel therapies of allergic diseases.
FAU - Akdis, C A
AU  - Akdis CA
AD  - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland.
FAU - Blaser, K
AU  - Blaser K
FAU - Akdis, M
AU  - Akdis M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - Denmark
TA  - Allergy
JT  - Allergy
JID - 7804028
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulin Isotypes)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Histamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dendritic Cells/physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immune Tolerance/*genetics
MH  - Immunoglobulin Isotypes/blood
MH  - Immunotherapy
MH  - Receptors, Histamine/physiology
MH  - T-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
RF  - 203
EDAT- 2004/08/05 05:00
MHDA- 2005/02/11 09:00
CRDT- 2004/08/05 05:00
PHST- 2004/08/05 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/02/11 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/08/05 05:00 [entrez]
AID - ALL587 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00587.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Allergy. 2004 Sep;59(9):897-913. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00587.x.