PMID- 15337264
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20041217
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 0304-3940 (Print)
IS  - 0304-3940 (Linking)
VI  - 367
IP  - 3
DP  - 2004 Sep 9
TI  - Microglial activation is a pharmacologically specific marker for the neurotoxic 
      amphetamines.
PG  - 349-54
AB  - Neurotoxic amphetamines cause damage to monoamine nerve terminals of the striatum 
      by unknown mechanisms. Microglial activation contributes to the neuronal damage 
      that accompanies injury, disease, and inflammation, but a role for these cells in 
      amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity has received little attention. We show 
      presently that D-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      D-amphetamine, and p-chloroamphetamine, each of which has been linked to dopamine 
      (DA) or serotonin nerve terminal damage, result in microglial activation in the 
      striatum. The non-neurotoxic amphetamines l-methamphetamine, fenfluramine, and 
      DOI do not have this effect. All drugs that cause microglial activation also 
      increase expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At a minimum, 
      microglial activation serves as a pharmacologically specific marker for striatal 
      nerve terminal damage resulting only from those amphetamines that exert 
      neurotoxicity. Because microglia are known to produce many of the reactive 
      species (e.g., nitric oxide, superoxide, cytokines) that mediate the 
      neurotoxicity of the amphetamine-class of drugs, their activation could represent 
      an early and essential event in the neurotoxic cascade associated with high-dose 
      amphetamine intoxication.
FAU - Thomas, David M
AU  - Thomas DM
AD  - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University 
      School of Medicine, 2125 Scott Hall, 540 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
FAU - Dowgiert, Jennifer
AU  - Dowgiert J
FAU - Geddes, Timothy J
AU  - Geddes TJ
FAU - Francescutti-Verbeem, Dina
AU  - Francescutti-Verbeem D
FAU - Liu, Xiuli
AU  - Liu X
FAU - Kuhn, Donald M
AU  - Kuhn DM
LA  - eng
GR  - DA014392/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - DA10756/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Neurosci Lett
JT  - Neuroscience letters
JID - 7600130
RN  - 0 (Dopamine Agents)
RN  - 0 (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
RN  - 0 (Lectins)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 64-12-0 (p-Chloroamphetamine)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamine/*toxicity
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blotting, Western/methods
MH  - Cell Count/methods
MH  - Corpus Striatum/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Dopamine Agents/*toxicity
MH  - Female
MH  - Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
MH  - Immunohistochemistry/methods
MH  - Lectins
MH  - Methamphetamine/pharmacology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred C57BL
MH  - Microglia/*drug effects/physiology
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/pharmacology
MH  - p-Chloroamphetamine/pharmacology
EDAT- 2004/09/01 05:00
MHDA- 2004/12/18 09:00
CRDT- 2004/09/01 05:00
PHST- 2004/05/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/06/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2004/06/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2004/09/01 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/12/18 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/09/01 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0304-3940(04)00767-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.065 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Neurosci Lett. 2004 Sep 9;367(3):349-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.065.