PMID- 15451557
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20041116
LR  - 20161124
IS  - 0378-4274 (Print)
IS  - 0378-4274 (Linking)
VI  - 153
IP  - 2
DP  - 2004 Nov 2
TI  - Assessment of skin irritation and molecular responses in rat skin exposed to 
      nonane, dodecane and tetradecane.
PG  - 255-66
AB  - Aliphatic hydrocarbons constitute a major portion of jet fuels, kerosene and 
      other solvents. This study investigated the effects of dermal exposures of 
      selected aliphatic hydrocarbons (nonane, dodecane and tetradecane) on the skin 
      irritation (erythema), transepidermal waterloss (TEWL) and expression of 
      interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and monocyte 
      chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the skin and blood of hairless rats. Dermal 
      exposures were carried out by occlusive application of chemicals (230 microl for 
      1 h, using Hill Top Chambers) for 1 h. The expression of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and 
      MCP-1 was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and the regulatory proteins 
      NFkappaB and IkappaBalpha were measured by Western blot analysis. The skin 
      irritation and TEWL data indicate that the irritation was in the following 
      decreasing order: nonane > dodecane > tetradecane. Likewise, nonane significantly 
      increased the expression of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in skin and blood as 
      compared to control at different time points. Dodecane and tetradecane did not 
      show any increase in the expression of IL-1alpha and MCP-1 as compared to control 
      (P > 0.05), but the expression of TNF-alpha by dodecane and tetradecane was 
      significantly higher than control at all time points. The release of cytokines by 
      nonane exposure was further supported by activation of NFkappaB p65 and 
      corresponding degradation of IkappaBalpha in the skin. In conclusion, this study 
      demonstrates that the biophysical parameters (TEWL and erythema scores) were 
      correlated to the biomarker expressions after dermal exposures with nonane but 
      not with dodecane and tetradecane. Dodecane produced only mild irritation in 
      response to experimental conditions of the present study and further did not show 
      significant differences in IL-1alpha and MCP-1 levels in skin and blood. However, 
      TNF-alpha was well expressed in response to all the chemicals. Tetradecane did 
      not show any visible signs of skin irritation and also did not produce any 
      significant difference in IL-1alpha and MCP-1 release profiles as compared with 
      control. The expression of TNF-alpha in skin due to tetradecane support the fact 
      that visually indistinguishable skin irritation reactions can induce significant 
      changes in the biological marker profile.
FAU - Babu, R J
AU  - Babu RJ
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 
      Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
FAU - Chatterjee, A
AU  - Chatterjee A
FAU - Singh, M
AU  - Singh M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Toxicol Lett
JT  - Toxicology letters
JID - 7709027
RN  - 0 (Alkanes)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Chemokine CCL2)
RN  - 0 (I-kappa B Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-1)
RN  - 0 (Irritants)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B)
RN  - 0 (Nfkbia protein, rat)
RN  - 0 (Transcription Factor RelA)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 03LY784Y58 (n-tetradecane)
RN  - 11A386X1QH (n-dodecane)
RN  - 139874-52-5 (NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha)
RN  - T9W3VH6G10 (nonane)
SB  - IM
MH  - Alkanes/*toxicity
MH  - Animals
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Body Water/metabolism
MH  - Chemokine CCL2/analysis
MH  - I-kappa B Proteins/analysis
MH  - Interleukin-1/analysis
MH  - Irritants/*toxicity
MH  - Male
MH  - NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
MH  - NF-kappa B/analysis
MH  - Rats
MH  - Skin/chemistry/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Transcription Factor RelA
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
EDAT- 2004/09/29 05:00
MHDA- 2004/11/17 09:00
CRDT- 2004/09/29 05:00
PHST- 2004/02/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/04/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2004/04/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2004/09/29 05:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/11/17 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/09/29 05:00 [entrez]
AID - S0378427404002632 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.036 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Toxicol Lett. 2004 Nov 2;153(2):255-66. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.036.