PMID- 15536610
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20041130
LR  - 20220409
IS  - 0026-0495 (Print)
IS  - 0026-0495 (Linking)
VI  - 53
IP  - 11
DP  - 2004 Nov
TI  - Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome.
PG  - 1503-11
AB  - The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that predisposes individuals 
      to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes and is present in almost one fourth 
      of adult Americans. Risk factors involved with the metabolic syndrome can be 
      altered via modifiable lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and 
      smoking and drinking habits. The objective of this study was to examine the 
      extent to which these modifiable lifestyle behaviors are associated with the risk 
      of having the metabolic syndrome. Data from the Third National Health and 
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted between 1988 and 1994, were 
      used to measure the risk of having the metabolic syndrome in healthy adult 
      Americans who follow certain lifestyle behaviors, such as dietary practices, 
      levels of physical activity, smoking and drinking habits. Low physical activity 
      level, high carbohydrate (CHO) intake, and current smoking habits were all 
      significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome, 
      even after adjusting for other related covariates. Relative to physically 
      inactive subjects, being physically active was associated with lower odds ratio 
      (OR) (0.36, confidence interval [CI] 0.21 to 0.68, P < .01) in overweight men and 
      in normal weight (0.36, CI 0.18 to 0.70, P < .01) and overweight (0.61, CI 0.38 
      to 0.97, P < .05) women. Although the type of CHO could not be distinguished, 
      relative to a high CHO diet, men having a low or moderate CHO intake had a lower 
      risk of having the metabolic syndrome with respective ORs of 0.41 (CI 0.24 to 
      0.67, P < .01) and 0.44 (CI 0.25 to 0.77, P < .01); no effect of dietary CHO was 
      observed in women. Moderate alcohol consumption was not significantly related to 
      the risk of having the metabolic syndrome in men, but was associated with a lower 
      OR in women (0.76, CI 0.61 to 0.95, P < .05). Regression models indicate a 
      reduced risk of having the metabolic syndrome when selected low-risk lifestyle 
      factors are present in combination, particularly in subjects with body mass index 
      (BMI) < 30 kg/m(2). According to our cross-sectional logistic models, the risk of 
      having the metabolic syndrome is substantially lower in individuals who are 
      physically active, nonsmoking, have a relatively low CHO intake and moderate 
      alcohol consumption, and who maintain a BMI in the non-obese range. These 
      observations have potentially important value for public health recommendations.
FAU - Zhu, Shankuan
AU  - Zhu S
AD  - Injury Research Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical 
      College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
FAU - St-Onge, Marie-Pierre
AU  - St-Onge MP
FAU - Heshka, Stanley
AU  - Heshka S
FAU - Heymsfield, Steven B
AU  - Heymsfield SB
LA  - eng
GR  - DK P01-42618/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PL  - United States
TA  - Metabolism
JT  - Metabolism: clinical and experimental
JID - 0375267
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Alcohol Drinking
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Feeding Behavior
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Life Style
MH  - Logistic Models
MH  - Male
MH  - Metabolic Syndrome/etiology/*prevention & control
MH  - Motor Activity
MH  - Odds Ratio
MH  - Research Design
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Smoking/adverse effects
MH  - United States
EDAT- 2004/11/13 09:00
MHDA- 2004/12/16 09:00
CRDT- 2004/11/13 09:00
PHST- 2004/11/13 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2004/12/16 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2004/11/13 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0026049504002136 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Metabolism. 2004 Nov;53(11):1503-11. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.017.