PMID- 15707379
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20050901
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 0112-1642 (Print)
IS  - 0112-1642 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 2
DP  - 2005
TI  - Nutritional considerations in triathlon.
PG  - 163-81
AB  - Triathlon combines three disciplines (swimming, cycling and running) and 
      competitions last between 1 hour 50 minutes (Olympic distance) and 14 hours 
      (Ironman distance). Independent of the distance, dehydration and carbohydrate 
      (CHO) depletion are the most likely causes of fatigue in triathlon, whereas 
      gastrointestinal (GI) problems, hyperthermia and hyponatraemia are potentially 
      health threatening, especially in longer events. Although glycogen 
      supercompensation may be beneficial for triathlon performance (even Olympic 
      distance), this does not necessarily have to be achieved by the traditional 
      supercompensation protocol. More recently, studies have revealed ways to increase 
      muscle glycogen concentrations to very high levels with minimal modifications in 
      diet and training. During competition, cycling provides the best opportunity to 
      ingest fluids. The optimum CHO concentration seems to be in the range of 5-8% and 
      triathletes should aim to achieve a CHO intake of 60-70 g/hour. Triathletes 
      should attempt to limit body mass losses to 1% of body mass. In all cases, a 
      drink should contain sodium (30-50 mmol/L) for optimal absorption and prevention 
      of hyponatraemia.Post-exercise rehydration is best achieved by consuming 
      beverages that have a high sodium content (>60 mmol/L) in a volume equivalent to 
      150% of body mass loss. GI problems occur frequently, especially in long-distance 
      triathlon. Problems seem related to the intake of highly concentrated 
      carbohydrate solutions, or hyperosmotic drinks, and the intake of fibre, fat and 
      protein. Endotoxaemia has been suggested as an explanation for some of the GI 
      problems, but this has not been confirmed by recent research. Although mild 
      endotoxaemia may occur after an Ironman-distance triathlon, this does not seem to 
      be related to the incidence of GI problems. Hyponatraemia has occasionally been 
      reported, especially among slow competitors in triathlons and probably arises due 
      to loss of sodium in sweat coupled with very high intakes (8-10 L) of water or 
      other low-sodium drinks.
FAU - Jeukendrup, Asker E
AU  - Jeukendrup AE
AD  - Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University 
      of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. A.E.Jeukendrup@bham.ac.uk
FAU - Jentjens, Roy L P G
AU  - Jentjens RL
FAU - Moseley, Luke
AU  - Moseley L
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - Sports Med
JT  - Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
JID - 8412297
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
RN  - 9005-79-2 (Glycogen)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Bicycling
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
MH  - Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage
MH  - Drinking Behavior
MH  - Endotoxemia/prevention & control
MH  - Fluid Therapy/methods
MH  - Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control
MH  - Glycogen/biosynthesis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hyponatremia/prevention & control
MH  - *Running
MH  - *Swimming
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Water-Electrolyte Balance
RF  - 181
EDAT- 2005/02/15 09:00
MHDA- 2005/09/02 09:00
CRDT- 2005/02/15 09:00
PHST- 2005/02/15 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/09/02 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/02/15 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 3525 [pii]
AID - 10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sports Med. 2005;35(2):163-81. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005.