PMID- 15737676
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20050414
LR  - 20211203
IS  - 0041-008X (Print)
IS  - 0041-008X (Linking)
VI  - 203
IP  - 3
DP  - 2005 Mar 15
TI  - Detection of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystins.
PG  - 219-30
AB  - Concern regarding the presence of microcystins in drinking water and their 
      possible contamination in food (e.g., salad vegetables, fish, shellfish) has 
      resulted in the need for reliable methods for the detection and accurate 
      quantification of this class of toxins. Currently, routine analysis of 
      microcystins is most commonly carried out using high-performance liquid 
      chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA), although more 
      sensitive biological assays such as antibody-based ELISAs and protein phosphatase 
      inhibition assays have also proven useful. However, many of these methods have 
      been hindered by the availability of a wide range of purified microcystins. 
      Although over 60 variants have now been reported, only a very small number are 
      commercially available and calibrated standards are not yet obtainable. This has 
      led to the common practice of reporting microcystin-LR equivalence regardless of 
      which variant is present. The increased availability of HPLC with online mass 
      spectral analysis (HPLC-MS) may facilitate more accurate detection of toxin 
      variants but as several microcystins share the same molecular mass, definitive 
      identification can be difficult. A further difficulty in analyzing microcystins 
      is the requirement for sample processing before analysis. Solid phase extraction 
      (SPE) is typically used to enrich environmental concentrations of microcystins, 
      or to eliminate contaminants from complex samples such as animal and plant 
      tissues. Recently, new technologies employing recombinant antibodies and 
      molecularly imprinted polymers have been exploited to develop assays and 
      biosensors for microcystins. These novel detection systems are highly sensitive, 
      often do not require sample processing, and offer a simpler, less expensive 
      alternative to analytical techniques. They have also been successfully employed 
      in solid phase extraction formats for the concentration and clean up of 
      environmental samples before HPLC analysis.
FAU - McElhiney, Jacqui
AU  - McElhiney J
AD  - School of Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 
      1HG, UK. j.mcelhney@rgu.ac.uk
FAU - Lawton, Linda A
AU  - Lawton LA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
JT  - Toxicology and applied pharmacology
JID - 0416575
RN  - 0 (Bacterial Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Cyanobacteria Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Marine Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Microcystins)
RN  - 0 (Peptides, Cyclic)
RN  - 77238-39-2 (microcystin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bacterial Toxins/*analysis/toxicity
MH  - Cyanobacteria/*chemistry
MH  - Cyanobacteria Toxins
MH  - Humans
MH  - Liver/chemistry/*drug effects/*microbiology
MH  - Marine Toxins/*analysis/toxicity
MH  - Microcystins
MH  - Peptides, Cyclic/*analysis/toxicity
RF  - 80
EDAT- 2005/03/02 09:00
MHDA- 2005/04/15 09:00
CRDT- 2005/03/02 09:00
PHST- 2003/12/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/06/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/03/02 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/04/15 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/03/02 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0041008X04002844 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 15;203(3):219-30. doi: 
      10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.002.