PMID- 15843638
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20050913
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 0047-2425 (Print)
IS  - 0047-2425 (Linking)
VI  - 34
IP  - 3
DP  - 2005 May-Jun
TI  - Persistent organic pollutants in source-separated compost and its feedstock 
      materials--a review of field studies.
PG  - 735-60
AB  - Composting and the application of compost to the soil follow the principle of 
      recycling and sustainability. Compost can also have a positive effect on 
      physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters. However, little is known 
      about the origin, concentration, and transformation of persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs) in compost. We therefore compiled literature data on some 
      priority POPs in compost and its main feedstock materials from more than 60 
      reports. Our data evaluation suggests the following findings. First, median 
      concentrations of Sigma 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sigma 6 
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Sigma 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 
      and -furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher in green waste (1803, 15.6 microg/kg dry wt., 
      and 2.5 ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) than in organic 
      household waste (635, 14.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.2 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.) and 
      kitchen waste (not available [NA], 14.9 microg/kg dry wt., 0.4 ng I-TEQ/kg dry 
      wt.). The POP concentrations in foliage were up to 12 times higher than in other 
      feedstock materials. Second, in contrast, compost from organic household waste 
      and green waste contained similar amounts of Sigma 16 PAHs, Sigma 6 PCBs, and 
      Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs (1915, 39.8 microg/kg dry wt., and 9.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., and 
      1715, 30.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 8.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., respectively). Third, 
      concentrations of three-ring PAHs were reduced during the composting process, 
      whereas five- to six-ring PAHs and Sigma 6 PCBs increased by roughly a factor of 
      two due to mass reduction during composting. Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs had accumulated by 
      up to a factor of 14. Fourth, urban feedstock and compost had higher POP 
      concentrations than rural material. Fifth, the highest concentrations of POPs 
      were usually observed in summer samples. Finally, median compost concentrations 
      of POPs were greater by up to one order of magnitude than in arable soils, as the 
      primary recipients of compost, but were well within the range of many urban 
      soils. In conclusion, this work provides a basis for the further improvement of 
      composting and for future risk assessments of compost application.
FAU - Brandli, Rahel C
AU  - Brandli RC
AD  - Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry 
      and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 
      CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - Bucheli, Thomas D
AU  - Bucheli TD
FAU - Kupper, Thomas
AU  - Kupper T
FAU - Furrer, Reinhard
AU  - Furrer R
FAU - Stadelmann, Franz X
AU  - Stadelmann FX
FAU - Tarradellas, Joseph
AU  - Tarradellas J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20050420
PL  - United States
TA  - J Environ Qual
JT  - Journal of environmental quality
JID - 0330666
RN  - 0 (Benzofurans)
RN  - 0 (Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins)
RN  - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Benzofurans/analysis/*chemistry
MH  - Cities
MH  - Conservation of Natural Resources
MH  - Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/*chemistry
MH  - Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/chemistry
MH  - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis/*chemistry
MH  - *Refuse Disposal
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Seasons
RF  - 142
EDAT- 2005/04/22 09:00
MHDA- 2005/09/15 09:00
CRDT- 2005/04/22 09:00
PHST- 2005/04/22 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/09/15 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/04/22 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 34/3/735 [pii]
AID - 10.2134/jeq2004.0333 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Environ Qual. 2005 Apr 20;34(3):735-60. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.0333. Print 2005 
      May-Jun.