PMID- 15902427
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20050920
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 0340-5761 (Print)
IS  - 0340-5761 (Linking)
VI  - 79
IP  - 5
DP  - 2005 May
TI  - The effect of occlusive and unocclusive exposure to xylene and benzene on skin 
      irritation and molecular responses in hairless rats.
PG  - 294-301
AB  - Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to 
      irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive 
      and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin 
      irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moisture content and 
      erythema) and cytokine/chemokine expression (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), 
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 
      (MCP-1)) were investigated in hairless rats. Occlusive dermal exposure was 
      carried out with 230 microL of the chemicals for 1 h using Hill top chambers. In 
      unocclusive dermal exposure, 15 microL of the chemicals were applied to the skin 
      every 2 h, for 8 h a day, for 4 days. The occlusive dermal exposure revealed a 
      clear difference in the TEWL and erythema response of these chemicals 
      (xylene>benzene) whereas unocclusive exposure revealed similar TEWL and erythema 
      scores for both benzene and xylene. The expression of IL-1alpha was elevated 2.5- 
      and 3.8-fold in response to occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs 
      control (P<0.01) for both the chemicals (benzene and xylene). Similarly, 
      TNF-alpha levels were elevated about 2.4- and 6.0-fold as a result of occlusive 
      and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01). These results show 
      that unocclusive exposure induced significantly higher TNF-alpha expression than 
      occlusive exposure (P<0.05). The MCP-1 expression in blood was slightly elevated 
      compared with the control group, but this increase was not statistically 
      significant (P>0.05). Similarly, MCP levels in skin were increased approximately 
      1.7- and 1.8-fold by occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, compared 
      with the control group (P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that the skin irritation 
      profiles of benzene and xylene are similar and unocclusive long-term exposure to 
      small amounts of these chemicals can induce more skin irritation and cytokine 
      response than occlusive exposure.
FAU - Chatterjee, A
AU  - Chatterjee A
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, 
      Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
FAU - Babu, R J
AU  - Babu RJ
FAU - Ahaghotu, E
AU  - Ahaghotu E
FAU - Singh, M
AU  - Singh M
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DEP - 20050413
PL  - Germany
TA  - Arch Toxicol
JT  - Archives of toxicology
JID - 0417615
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Xylenes)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - J64922108F (Benzene)
SB  - IM
MH  - Administration, Cutaneous
MH  - Animals
MH  - Benzene/*toxicity
MH  - Cytokines/metabolism
MH  - Dermatitis, Irritant/*etiology/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Female
MH  - Male
MH  - *Occlusive Dressings
MH  - Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Nude
MH  - Skin/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Skin Absorption
MH  - Skin Irritancy Tests
MH  - Water/metabolism
MH  - Water Loss, Insensible/drug effects
MH  - Xylenes/*toxicity
EDAT- 2005/05/20 09:00
MHDA- 2005/09/21 09:00
CRDT- 2005/05/20 09:00
PHST- 2004/09/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/11/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/05/20 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/09/21 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/05/20 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00204-004-0629-1 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Arch Toxicol. 2005 May;79(5):294-301. doi: 10.1007/s00204-004-0629-1. Epub 2005 
      Apr 13.