PMID- 15987425
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060125
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 1465-542X (Electronic)
IS  - 1465-5411 (Print)
IS  - 1465-5411 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 3
DP  - 2005
TI  - Assessment of the proliferative, apoptotic and cellular renovation indices of the 
      human mammary epithelium during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual 
      cycle.
PG  - R306-13
AB  - INTRODUCTION: During the menstrual cycle, the mammary gland goes through 
      sequential waves of proliferation and apoptosis. In mammary epithelial cells, 
      hormonal and non-hormonal factors regulate apoptosis. To determine the cyclical 
      effects of gonadal steroids on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the apoptotic 
      index (AI) determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick 
      end labeling (TUNEL) staining in human mammary epithelial cells during the 
      spontaneous menstrual cycle and correlated it with cellular proliferation as 
      determined by the expression of Ki-67 during the same period. METHODS: Normal 
      breast tissue samples were obtained from 42 randomly selected patients in the 
      proliferative (n = 21) and luteal (n = 21) phases. Menstrual cycle phase 
      characterization was based on the date of the last and subsequent menses, and on 
      progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy. RESULTS: The 
      proliferation index (PI), defined as the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 
      1,000 epithelial cells, was significantly larger in the luteal phase (30.46) than 
      in the follicular phase (13.45; P = 0.0033). The AI was defined as the number of 
      TUNEL-positive cells per 1,000 epithelial cells. The average AI values in both 
      phases of the menstrual cycle were not statistically significant (P = 0.21). 
      However, the cell renewal index (CRI = PI/AI) was significantly higher in the 
      luteal phase (P = 0.033). A significant cyclical variation of PI, AI and CRI was 
      observed. PI and AI peaks occurred on about the 24th day of the menstrual cycle, 
      whereas the CRI reached higher values on the 28th day. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude 
      that proliferative activity is dependent mainly on hormonal fluctuations, whereas 
      apoptotic activity is probably regulated by hormonal and non-hormonal factors.
FAU - Navarrete, Maria Alicia H
AU  - Navarrete MA
AD  - Department of Gyneology, Mastology Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao 
      Paulo, Brazil. chile@stanford.edu
FAU - Maier, Carolina M
AU  - Maier CM
FAU - Falzoni, Roberto
AU  - Falzoni R
FAU - Quadros, Luiz Gerk de Azevedo
AU  - Quadros LG
FAU - Lima, Geraldo R
AU  - Lima GR
FAU - Baracat, Edmund C
AU  - Baracat EC
FAU - Nazario, Afonso C P
AU  - Nazario AC
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20050216
PL  - England
TA  - Breast Cancer Res
JT  - Breast cancer research : BCR
JID - 100927353
RN  - 0 (Ki-67 Antigen)
RN  - 4G7DS2Q64Y (Progesterone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Apoptosis
MH  - *Cell Proliferation
MH  - Female
MH  - Follicular Phase/*physiology
MH  - Homeostasis
MH  - Humans
MH  - In Situ Nick-End Labeling
MH  - Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
MH  - Kinetics
MH  - Luteal Phase/*physiology
MH  - Mammary Glands, Human/*cytology/physiology
MH  - Progesterone/blood/physiology
PMC - PMC1143573
EDAT- 2005/07/01 09:00
MHDA- 2006/01/26 09:00
PMCR- 2005/02/16
CRDT- 2005/07/01 09:00
PHST- 2004/06/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2004/10/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2004/12/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/07/01 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/01/26 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/07/01 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2005/02/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - bcr994 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/bcr994 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7(3):R306-13. doi: 10.1186/bcr994. Epub 2005 Feb 16.