PMID- 16095767
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060207
LR  - 20161124
IS  - 0264-410X (Print)
IS  - 0264-410X (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 48-49
DP  - 2005 Dec 1
TI  - The adjuvant effect of levamisole on killed viral vaccines.
PG  - 5543-50
AB  - To explore adjuvants that are capable of promoting Th1-biased immune response, we 
      investigated the usefulness of levamisole (LMS) as one such adjuvant for two 
      different preparations of killed viral vaccines, derived from the foot mouth 
      disease virus (FMDV) or the porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome virus 
      (PRRSV) and tested respectively in BALB/c or C57 BL/6 mice. The results showed 
      that LMS induced different types of immune responses in the host, depending on 
      its dosage. While a high level of serum IgG was induced by using LMS at 2%, the 
      most robust T cell proliferation was induced with LMS at 0.5%. The Th1 and Th2 
      cytokine profiles, which tracked well with the antibody and T cell responses, 
      were similarly influenced by the dose of LMS. Moreover, the enhanced T cell 
      response correlated with increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules 
      and decreased expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling molecules 
      (SOCS1 and SOCS3) in the spleen, suggesting that it is mediated by the antigen 
      presentation, co-stimulator signaling, and cytokine production pathways. These 
      results establish that LMS can be used to induce Th1-biased immune responses when 
      combined with killed-virus-based antiviral vaccines and that such adjuvant effect 
      depends on the optimal LMS dosage.
FAU - Kang, Youmin
AU  - Kang Y
AD  - State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, College of 
      Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
FAU - Jin, Huali
AU  - Jin H
FAU - Zheng, Guoxing
AU  - Zheng G
FAU - Xie, Qifa
AU  - Xie Q
FAU - Yin, Jiangmei
AU  - Yin J
FAU - Yu, Yang
AU  - Yu Y
FAU - Xiao, Chong
AU  - Xiao C
FAU - Zhang, Xiaoying
AU  - Zhang X
FAU - Chen, Aoshuang
AU  - Chen A
FAU - Wang, Bin
AU  - Wang B
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20050725
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Vaccine
JT  - Vaccine
JID - 8406899
RN  - 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
RN  - 0 (Carrier Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Repressor Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Socs1 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Socs3 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein)
RN  - 0 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein)
RN  - 0 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Viral Vaccines)
RN  - 2880D3468G (Levamisole)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adjuvants, Immunologic/*pharmacology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Carrier Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Drug Interactions
MH  - Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics/immunology
MH  - Levamisole/*pharmacology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred BALB C
MH  - Mice, Inbred C57BL
MH  - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
MH  - Repressor Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein
MH  - Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
MH  - Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Th1 Cells/immunology
MH  - Vaccination/*veterinary
MH  - Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology
EDAT- 2005/08/13 09:00
MHDA- 2006/02/08 09:00
CRDT- 2005/08/13 09:00
PHST- 2005/01/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2005/06/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2005/07/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/08/13 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/02/08 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/08/13 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0264-410X(05)00683-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Vaccine. 2005 Dec 1;23(48-49):5543-50. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.017. Epub 
      2005 Jul 25.