PMID- 16098471
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060118
LR  - 20141120
IS  - 0003-2697 (Print)
IS  - 0003-2697 (Linking)
VI  - 344
IP  - 2
DP  - 2005 Sep 15
TI  - Free radical generation during chemical depolymerization of heparin.
PG  - 193-203
AB  - Low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), as compared with unfractionated heparin 
      (UFH), present superior bioavailability, much longer plasma half-life, and lower 
      incidence of side effects. For these reasons, over the past two decades LMWHs 
      have become the drugs of choice for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis, 
      pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis, and unstable angina. Furthermore, their 
      use in acute ischemic stroke is currently under study. LMWHs are obtained by UFH 
      depolymerization, which can be performed using various methods, including nitrous 
      acid depolymerization, cleavage by beta-elimination of benzyl ester, enzymatic 
      depolymerization, and peroxyl radical-dependent depolymerization. This article 
      addresses the chemical depolymerization, obtained by free radical attack (mainly 
      hydroxyl radical), of heparin. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, 
      coupled to the spin trapping technique, was employed to study this reaction. Free 
      radical-mediated heparin depolymerization was performed under different chemical 
      conditions. The final products of the reactions were purified and classified on 
      the basis of their molecular weight and other characteristics. The level of 
      heparin fragmentation was different depending on the type of depolymerization 
      reaction used. Moreover, the level of reproducibility and the resulting radical 
      species were different for every type of reaction performed.
FAU - Rota, Cristina
AU  - Rota C
AD  - Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 
      41100, Italy.
FAU - Liverani, Lino
AU  - Liverani L
FAU - Spelta, Franco
AU  - Spelta F
FAU - Mascellani, Giuseppe
AU  - Mascellani G
FAU - Tomasi, Aldo
AU  - Tomasi A
FAU - Iannone, Anna
AU  - Iannone A
FAU - Vismara, Elena
AU  - Vismara E
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Anal Biochem
JT  - Analytical biochemistry
JID - 0370535
RN  - 0 (Cyclic N-Oxides)
RN  - 0 (Disaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Ferrous Compounds)
RN  - 0 (Free Radicals)
RN  - 0 (Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight)
RN  - 0 (Nitrogen Oxides)
RN  - 0 (Spin Labels)
RN  - 3352-57-6 (Hydroxyl Radical)
RN  - 39R4TAN1VT (ferrous sulfate)
RN  - 3I91332OPG (phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone)
RN  - 7170JZ1QF3 (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide)
RN  - 789U1901C5 (Copper)
RN  - 9005-49-6 (Heparin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Catalysis
MH  - Copper/chemistry
MH  - Cyclic N-Oxides
MH  - Disaccharides/analysis
MH  - Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
MH  - Ferrous Compounds/chemistry
MH  - Free Radicals/*chemistry
MH  - Heparin/*chemistry
MH  - Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/*chemical synthesis/isolation & purification
MH  - Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
MH  - Hydroxyl Radical/chemistry
MH  - Nitrogen Oxides
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Spin Labels
EDAT- 2005/08/16 09:00
MHDA- 2006/01/19 09:00
CRDT- 2005/08/16 09:00
PHST- 2005/01/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2005/06/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2005/06/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/08/16 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/01/19 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/08/16 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0003-2697(05)00493-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.043 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Anal Biochem. 2005 Sep 15;344(2):193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.043.