PMID- 16146184
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20051101
LR  - 20061115
IS  - 0033-2658 (Print)
IS  - 0033-2658 (Linking)
VI  - 107
IP  - 7
DP  - 2005
TI  - [Intensive Naikan therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder: 
      clinical outcomes and background].
PG  - 641-66
AB  - OBJECT: Intensive Naikan therapy (INT) is used to treat irrational recognition, 
      and to develop awareness of others and self-reflection. Several reports have also 
      shown that INT is effective for treating anxiety disorders. The purpose of the 
      present systematic study was to investigate the factors contributing to the 
      efficacy and clinical outcomes of INT by assessing the background, psychological 
      evolution, and treatment required after such therapy. METHOD: Twenty-eight 
      anxiety disorder inpatients at Tottori University Hospital, 15 with general 
      anxiety disorders (GAD) and 13 with panic disorders (PD), were treated with INT. 
      Age, sex, duration of the present anxiety episode, and diagnosis were 
      investigated. The Tokyo University Egogram (TEG), Yatabe-Guilford personality 
      inventory (YG test) and Rosenzweig picture frustration (PF) study were conducted 
      before and after INT to investigate psychological changes. The long-term efficacy 
      of INT for PD and GAD was assessed with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). 
      Whether the patients achieved awareness of others, awareness of egocentricity, 
      feelings of love, and self reflection after INT were investigated. RESULTS: 1) 
      All patients showed improved GAF; the average GAF score increased from 51 +/- 8 
      (before Naikan therapy) to 83.2 +/- 15 (after therapy). The clinical outcomes of 
      INT were as follows: 17 patients showed extremely effective results (60.7%), 6 
      were effective (21.4%), 3 were slightly effective (10.7%), and 2 were unchanged 
      (7.1%). Overall, 23 patients (82.1%) showed remarkable improvements as a result 
      of INT (improved group) and 5 showed no remarkable improvements (not improved 
      group). 2) The improved group included significantly more patients with obsessive 
      tendencies or nervous personalities such as a premorbid personality. In addition, 
      significantly more of the patients in this group underwent daily INT and improved 
      more rapidly in the short-term. 3) According to the STAI (state trait anxiety 
      inventory), both state-(S-anxiety), and trait-anxiety (T-anxiety) significantly 
      decreased after INT. The PD group showed significantly reduced S and T-anxiety, 
      but the GAD group only showed significantly reduced T-anxiety. The adult (A) and 
      free child (FC) TEG scales significantly increased, and according to YG, 
      nervousness (N) and depression (D) significantly decreased while general activity 
      (G) and social extraversion (S) significantly increased. Furthermore, according 
      to the PF study, extraggression (E -A) after INT significantly decreased and 
      imaggression (I-A) significantly increased. In the improved group, significantly 
      more patients became more aware of their partners (Naikan) and achieved an 
      objective outlook, awareness of egocentricity, feelings of love and 
      self-reflection after INT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that INT for PD and 
      GAD is extremely effective, and a very important form of psychotherapy. 
      Attainment of self-reflection caused psychological changes that motivated the 
      patients to continue Naikan therapy daily. We consider this a key factor in 
      maintaining the efficacy of INT.
FAU - Nukina, Shu
AU  - Nukina S
AD  - Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, 
      Tottori University.
FAU - Wang, Hongxin
AU  - Wang H
FAU - Kamei, Kazuhisa
AU  - Kamei K
FAU - Kawahara, Ryuzo
AU  - Kawahara R
LA  - jpn
PT  - Case Reports
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - English Abstract
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Japan
TA  - Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi
JT  - Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi = Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica
JID - 9801787
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Panic Disorder/diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
MH  - Psychological Tests
MH  - Psychotherapy/*methods
MH  - Treatment Outcome
EDAT- 2005/09/09 09:00
MHDA- 2005/11/03 09:00
CRDT- 2005/09/09 09:00
PHST- 2005/09/09 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2005/11/03 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/09/09 09:00 [entrez]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2005;107(7):641-66.