PMID- 16243484
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070308
LR  - 20111117
IS  - 0896-8411 (Print)
IS  - 0896-8411 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 3
DP  - 2005 Nov
TI  - Autoimmunity and clinical course in children with type 1, type 2, and type 1.5 
      diabetes.
PG  - 244-50
AB  - AIMS: Both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increasing in incidence in 
      children; often an admixture of T1D and T2D features are present at diagnosis. We 
      examined the relationship between diabetes autoantibodies (DAA), human leukocyte 
      antigen (HLA), and clinical course in subjects grouped by clinical diabetes type. 
      METHODS: Subjects 8-18 years old with T1D, T2D, and mixed clinical features 
      (T1.5D), were studied at diagnosis. DAA were measured in all subjects; a subset 
      of subjects underwent HLA genotyping. Clinical course was followed in 84% of 
      subjects for 47.9+8.7 months. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of T1.5D subjects were 
      positive for at least one DAA; 88% of HLA-typed subjects had risk HLA genotypes. 
      Two subjects initially treated with oral agents were subsequently treated with 
      insulin (50%); one had risk HLA, and the other was DAA positive. Thirty-three 
      percent of T2D subjects were DAA positive and 93% were treated with oral agents 
      at diagnosis. Three subjects were subsequently treated with insulin (21%); of 
      these, two were DAA positive, and one had risk HLA. No subject who remained on 
      diet therapy or oral agents had a combination of DAA-positivity and risk HLA 
      genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Children clinically classified with T1.5D or T2D have a 
      high frequency of autoimmune markers and T1D-associated HLA alleles which appears 
      to indicate a more aggressive diabetes disease process, as has been shown for 
      DAA-positive adults with phenotypic T2D.
FAU - Gilliam, Lisa K
AU  - Gilliam LK
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 N.E. Pacific St., Box 
      357710, Seattle, 98195, USA. lgilliam@u.washington.edu
FAU - Brooks-Worrell, Barbara M
AU  - Brooks-Worrell BM
FAU - Palmer, Jerry P
AU  - Palmer JP
FAU - Greenbaum, Carla J
AU  - Greenbaum CJ
FAU - Pihoker, Catherine
AU  - Pihoker C
LA  - eng
GR  - DK17047/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - M01-RR00037/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20051021
PL  - England
TA  - J Autoimmun
JT  - Journal of autoimmunity
JID - 8812164
RN  - 0 (Autoantibodies)
RN  - 0 (HLA Antigens)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Autoantibodies/*biosynthesis
MH  - Child
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/drug therapy/*immunology
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis/drug therapy/*immunology
MH  - Disease Progression
MH  - HLA Antigens
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin/therapeutic use
EDAT- 2005/10/26 09:00
MHDA- 2007/03/09 09:00
CRDT- 2005/10/26 09:00
PHST- 2005/06/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2005/06/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2005/09/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/10/26 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/03/09 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/10/26 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0896-8411(05)00120-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.013 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Autoimmun. 2005 Nov;25(3):244-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.013. Epub 2005 
      Oct 21.