PMID- 16290016
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060120
LR  - 20071114
IS  - 1053-8119 (Print)
IS  - 1053-8119 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 4
DP  - 2005 Dec
TI  - The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge.
PG  - 797-814
AB  - Socrates said that in order to lead a balanced life one must, "know thyself." In 
      two fMRI experiments, the present study examined the mechanisms mediating two 
      ways in which the self can be known: through direct appraisals (i.e., an 
      individual's own self-beliefs) and reflected appraisals (i.e., an individual's 
      perception of how others view him or her). Experiment 1 examined the common and 
      distinct neural bases of direct appraisals of the self, close others, and 
      normative judgments of trait desirability. All three judgment types activated 
      medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) to a similar degree. Experiment 2 examined the 
      common and distinct neural bases of (1) direct appraisals of self, a close other 
      or a non-close other, and (2) reflected appraisals made from the perspective of a 
      close or a non-close other. Consistent with Experiment 1, all judgment types 
      activated MPFC. Direct appraisals of the self as compared to others more strongly 
      recruited MPFC and right rostrolateral PFC. Direct appraisals as compared to 
      reflected appraisals recruited regions associated with a first-person perspective 
      (posterior cingulate), whereas reflected as compared to direct appraisals 
      recruited regions associated with emotion and memory (insula, orbitofrontal, and 
      temporal cortex). These results support models suggesting that MPFC mediates 
      meta-cognitive processes that may be recruited for direct and reflected self 
      appraisals depending upon the demands of a specific task.
FAU - Ochsner, Kevin N
AU  - Ochsner KN
AD  - Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. 
      ochsner@psych.columbia.edu
FAU - Beer, Jennifer S
AU  - Beer JS
FAU - Robertson, Elaine R
AU  - Robertson ER
FAU - Cooper, Jeffrey C
AU  - Cooper JC
FAU - Gabrieli, John D E
AU  - Gabrieli JD
FAU - Kihsltrom, John F
AU  - Kihsltrom JF
FAU - D'Esposito, Mark
AU  - D'Esposito M
LA  - eng
GR  - MH66574-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20051114
PL  - United States
TA  - Neuroimage
JT  - NeuroImage
JID - 9215515
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Brain/*physiology
MH  - Cognition/physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MH  - Male
MH  - Personality
MH  - Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
MH  - *Self Concept
MH  - Social Perception
EDAT- 2005/11/18 09:00
MHDA- 2006/01/21 09:00
CRDT- 2005/11/18 09:00
PHST- 2004/12/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2005/06/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2005/06/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2005/11/18 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/01/21 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/11/18 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S1053-8119(05)00469-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Neuroimage. 2005 Dec;28(4):797-814. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069. Epub 
      2005 Nov 14.