PMID- 16321876
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060118
LR  - 20230317
IS  - 1473-4222 (Print)
IS  - 1473-4222 (Linking)
VI  - 4
IP  - 4
DP  - 2005
TI  - The effects of cerebellar stimulation on the motor cortical excitability in 
      neurological disorders: a review.
PG  - 218-23
AB  - The cerebellum regulates execution of skilled movements through neural 
      connections with the primary motor cortex. A main projection from the cerebellum 
      to the primary motor cortex is a disynaptic excitatory pathway relayed at the 
      ventral thalamus. This dentatothalamocortical pathway receives inhibitory inputs 
      from Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. These pathways 
      (cerebellothalamocortical pathways) have been characterized extensively using 
      cellular approaches in animals. Advances in non-invasive transcranial activation 
      of neural structures using electrical and magnetic stimulation have allowed us to 
      investigate these neural connections in humans. This review summarizes various 
      studies of the cerebellothalamocortical pathway in humans using current 
      transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques. We studied effects 
      on motor cortical excitability elicited by electrical or magnetic stimulation 
      over the cerebellum by recording surface electromyographic (EMG) responses from 
      the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Magnetic stimuli were given with a 
      round or figure eight coil (test stimulation) for primary motor cortical 
      activation. For cerebellar stimulation, we gave high-voltage electrical stimuli 
      or magnetic stimuli through a cone-shaped coil ipsilateral to the surface EMG 
      recording (conditioning stimulation). We examined effects of interstimulus 
      intervals (ISIs) with randomized condition-test paradigm, using a test stimulus 
      given preceded by a conditioning stimulus by ISIs of several milliseconds. We 
      demonstrated significant gain of EMG responses at an ISI of 3 ms (facilitatory 
      effect) and reduced responses starting at 5 ms, which lasted 3-7 ms (inhibitory 
      effect). We applied this method to patients with ataxia and showed that the 
      inhibitory effect was only absent in patients with a lesion at cerebellar 
      efferent pathways or dentatothalamocortical pathway. These results imply that 
      this method activates the unilateral cerebellar structures. We confirmed 
      facilitatory and inhibitory natures of cerebellothalamocortical pathways in 
      humans. We can differentiate ataxia attributable to somewhere in the 
      cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways from that caused by other pathways.
FAU - Iwata, Nobue K
AU  - Iwata NK
AD  - Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 
      The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Ugawa, Yoshikazu
AU  - Ugawa Y
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Cerebellum
JT  - Cerebellum (London, England)
JID - 101089443
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cerebellum/*physiology
MH  - Electric Stimulation
MH  - Electromyography
MH  - Humans
MH  - Motor Cortex/*physiology
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
MH  - Nervous System Diseases/*physiopathology
MH  - Neural Inhibition/physiology
MH  - Neural Pathways/*physiology
MH  - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
RF  - 31
EDAT- 2005/12/03 09:00
MHDA- 2006/01/19 09:00
CRDT- 2005/12/03 09:00
PHST- 2005/12/03 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/01/19 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2005/12/03 09:00 [entrez]
AID - U47M30215000GK38 [pii]
AID - 10.1080/14734220500277007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Cerebellum. 2005;4(4):218-23. doi: 10.1080/14734220500277007.