PMID- 16391038
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060301
LR  - 20240109
IS  - 0099-2240 (Print)
IS  - 1098-5336 (Electronic)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Linking)
VI  - 72
IP  - 1
DP  - 2006 Jan
TI  - Occurrence and genetic diversity of uncultured Legionella spp. in drinking water 
      treated at temperatures below 15 degrees C.
PG  - 157-66
AB  - Representatives of the genus Legionella were detected by use of a real-time PCR 
      method in all water samples collected directly after treatment from 16 surface 
      water (SW) supplies prior to postdisinfection and from 81 groundwater (GW) 
      supplies. Legionella concentrations ranged from 1.1 x 10(3) to 7.8 x 10(5) cells 
      liter(-1) and were significantly higher in SW treated with multiple barriers at 4 
      degrees C than in GW treated at 9 to 12 degrees C with aeration and filtration 
      but without chemical disinfection. No Legionellae (<50 CFU liter(-1)) were 
      detected in treated water by the culture method. Legionella was also observed in 
      untreated SW and in untreated aerobic and anaerobic GW. Filtration processes in 
      SW and GW treatment had little effect or increased the Legionella concentration, 
      but ozonation in SW treatment caused about 1-log-unit reduction. A phylogenetic 
      analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of 202 clones, obtained from a selection of 
      samples, showed a high similarity (>91%) with Legionella sequences in the GenBank 
      database. A total of 40 (33%) of the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from 
      treated water were identified as described Legionella species and types, 
      including L. bozemanii, L. worsleiensis, Legionella-like amoebal pathogen types, 
      L. quateirensis, L. waltersii, and L. pneumophila. 16S rRNA gene sequences with a 
      similarity of below 97% from described species were positioned all over the 
      phylogenetic tree of Legionella. Hence, a large diversity of yet-uncultured 
      Legionellae are common members of the microbial communities in SW and GW treated 
      at water temperatures of below 15 degrees C.
FAU - Wullings, Bart A
AU  - Wullings BA
AD  - Kiwa Water Research, Groningenhaven 7, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The 
      Netherlands. bart.wullings@kiwa.nl
FAU - van der Kooij, Dick
AU  - van der Kooij D
LA  - eng
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PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Appl Environ Microbiol
JT  - Applied and environmental microbiology
JID - 7605801
RN  - 0 (Culture Media)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
SB  - IM
MH  - Culture Media
MH  - Fresh Water/*microbiology
MH  - *Genetic Variation
MH  - Legionella/classification/genetics/*growth & development/*isolation & 
      purification
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
MH  - Sequence Analysis, DNA
MH  - Temperature
MH  - Water Purification/methods
MH  - *Water Supply
PMC - PMC1352175
EDAT- 2006/01/05 09:00
MHDA- 2006/03/02 09:00
PMCR- 2006/05/01
CRDT- 2006/01/05 09:00
PHST- 2006/01/05 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/03/02 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/01/05 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2006/05/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 72/1/157 [pii]
AID - 0551-05 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/AEM.72.1.157-166.2006 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;72(1):157-66. doi: 
      10.1128/AEM.72.1.157-166.2006.