PMID- 16419392
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060203
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 0146-4760 (Print)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
VI  - 29
IP  - 7
DP  - 2005 Oct
TI  - Usefulness of roadside urine drug screening in drivers suspected of driving under 
      the influence of drugs (DUID).
PG  - 632-6
AB  - In Belgium, the driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) procedure consists of 
      three steps: observation of external signs of drug consumption by a police 
      officer; an on-site urine test for amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, and 
      opiates; and blood sampling by a physician for gas chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry analysis. The driver is sanctioned if THC is greater than 2 ng/mL, 
      morphine is greater than 20 ng/mL, or amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, 
      N-methyl-1-(3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine, cocaine, or benzoylecgonine 
      are greater than 50 ng/mL in plasma. We analyzed the results of 450 blood samples 
      taken from May 2000 to February 2005. Cannabis was most often found above the 
      cut-off (73.5% of the cases), followed by MDMA (20.4%), amphetamine (19.8%), 
      benzoylecgonine (17.9%), cocaine (6.9%), and morphine (2.7%). One drug was found 
      in 72.0% of the cases, two drugs in 22.6%, three drugs in 5.2%, and four drugs in 
      0.25%. In 10.7% of the plasma samples no target drugs were found above the legal 
      cut-off. This percentage was 8.4% when urine was obtained and tested on-site and 
      21.2% when no urine was obtained (chi2 = 8.574, P = 0.0034). In 64.6% of these 
      samples, a target drug (THC in 74.2%) was found under the legal cut-off. These 
      data indicate that roadside urine testing significantly decreases the number of 
      unnecessary blood analyses in DUID.
FAU - Raes, Elke
AU  - Raes E
AD  - Department of Clinical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 
      Ghent, Belgium.
FAU - Verstraete, Alain G
AU  - Verstraete AG
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Reagent Strips)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Automobile Driving
MH  - Forensic Medicine/methods
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/blood/*urine
MH  - *Reagent Strips
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Urinalysis/*instrumentation
EDAT- 2006/01/20 09:00
MHDA- 2006/02/04 09:00
CRDT- 2006/01/20 09:00
PHST- 2006/01/20 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/02/04 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/01/20 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1093/jat/29.7.632 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Oct;29(7):632-6. doi: 10.1093/jat/29.7.632.