PMID- 16442633
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20061204
LR  - 20060801
IS  - 0163-7258 (Print)
IS  - 0163-7258 (Linking)
VI  - 111
IP  - 3
DP  - 2006 Sep
TI  - Mechanisms of the adaptive immune response inside the central nervous system 
      during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
PG  - 555-66
AB  - In this review we will discuss the unique features that make the central nervous 
      system (CNS) a specialized microenvironment where immune responses are tightly 
      regulated in order to properly face pathogens without damaging the neural cells. 
      We will show how every paradigm of this theoretical model has been addressed by 
      the scientific literature over the past decades providing new insights on the 
      immune response within the CNS. In particular, new light has been shed on the 
      trafficking of the immune cells inside and outside the CNS. Dendritic cells (DCs) 
      have been described in the context of structures in direct contact with the 
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their migration, upon antigen encounter, outside 
      the CNS into deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) has been further clarified. 
      T-cells, B-cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) have been found in the CSF 
      and CNS parenchymal lesions of inflammatory disorders and their phenotype 
      depicted. Moreover, in chronically inflamed CNS, ectopic lymphoid structures have 
      been observed and a germinal center reaction similar to the one found in 
      peripheral lymph nodes has been described. These structures may play a role in 
      the maintenance and expansion of the local autoimmune response. Although the 
      complex interactions between immune and neural cells still remain far to be 
      elucidated, the data discussed here suggest that the physiopathology of the 
      adaptive immune response inside the CNS mimics, although in a mitigated fashion, 
      what occurs in other organs and tissues.
FAU - Pedemonte, Enrico
AU  - Pedemonte E
AD  - Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, 
      University of Genoa, Italy.
FAU - Mancardi, Gianluigi
AU  - Mancardi G
FAU - Giunti, Debora
AU  - Giunti D
FAU - Corcione, Anna
AU  - Corcione A
FAU - Benvenuto, Federica
AU  - Benvenuto F
FAU - Pistoia, Vito
AU  - Pistoia V
FAU - Uccelli, Antonio
AU  - Uccelli A
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20060126
PL  - England
TA  - Pharmacol Ther
JT  - Pharmacology & therapeutics
JID - 7905840
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - B-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - Blood-Brain Barrier
MH  - Cell Movement
MH  - Central Nervous System/*immunology
MH  - Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inflammation/*immunology
MH  - Multiple Sclerosis/*immunology
MH  - T-Lymphocytes/immunology
RF  - 114
EDAT- 2006/01/31 09:00
MHDA- 2006/12/09 09:00
CRDT- 2006/01/31 09:00
PHST- 2005/11/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2005/11/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2006/01/31 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/12/09 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/01/31 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0163-7258(05)00268-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):555-66. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.007. 
      Epub 2006 Jan 26.