PMID- 16478962
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20071108
LR  - 20190513
IS  - 1525-3163 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-8812 (Linking)
VI  - 84
IP  - 3
DP  - 2006 Mar
TI  - Effects of polyvinyl chloride overwrap film, high-oxygen modified atmosphere 
      packaging, or ultra-low-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on bone marrow 
      discoloration in beef humerus, rib, thoracic vertebra, and scapula.
PG  - 694-701
AB  - Meat retailers have reported bone marrow discoloration to be a problem, 
      especially in modified atmosphere packages (MAP). Therefore, it is important to 
      determine the prevalence and cause(s) of bone marrow discoloration in different 
      beef bones and packaging systems. Thirty-six beef humeri, ribs, scapulas, and 
      thoracic vertebrae from USDA Select and Choice carcasses were obtained from a 
      commercial abattoir, cut into 2.54-cm-thick sections at 4 d postmortem, and 
      packaged into 1 of 3 systems: 1) polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) overwrap; 2) 
      high-oxygen (80% O2, 20% CO2) MAP; and 3) ultra-low-oxygen (70% N2, 30% CO2) MAP. 
      Instrumental reflectance and visual color scores were taken on d 0, 2, and 4, and 
      on d 0 to 4 of display, respectively. Bone marrow was extracted from humeri, 
      ribs, and thoracic vertebrae for analysis but not from scapulas. Ribs, scapulas, 
      and thoracic vertebrae packaged in PVC and high-oxygen MAP developed undesirable 
      gray or black discoloration. In ultra-low-oxygen MAP, mean visual color scores 
      were acceptable throughout the entire display period. Discoloration (darkening) 
      was more extensive for ribs, scapulas, and thoracic vertebrae than for humeri, 
      especially for bones packaged in PVC and high-oxygen MAP. Humeri had lower (P < 
      0.05) a* values (larger positive a* values indicate a redder color) than the 
      other bones. The a* values for ribs, scapulas, and thoracic vertebrae decreased 
      (P < 0.05) over time. Chroma showed that bone marrow discolored during display, 
      but graying was dramatically less for all bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP 
      and for humeri in PVC and high-oxygen MAP. Humeri marrow had lower (P < 0.05) 
      2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than did ribs and thoracic 
      vertebrae marrow. Ultra-low-oxygen MAP resulted in the least amount of change in 
      TBARS from d 0 to 4, whereas thoracic vertebrae marrow had greater (P < 0.05) 
      TBARS values at d 4 of display than at d 0 in PVC and high-oxygen MAP. Humeri 
      marrow had dramatically less total Fe and hemoglobin than did that of ribs and 
      thoracic vertebrae for all packaging systems. Myoglobin was undetectable in 
      humeri marrow. The much larger amounts of Fe and hemoglobin in ribs and thoracic 
      vertebrae likely contribute to marrow discoloration. Bone marrow discoloration 
      was distinct in ribs, scapulas, and thoracic vertebrae packaged in PVC or 
      high-oxygen MAP. Bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP had minimal 
      discoloration.
FAU - Grobbel, J P
AU  - Grobbel JP
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 
      66506, USA.
FAU - Dikeman, M E
AU  - Dikeman ME
FAU - Smith, J S
AU  - Smith JS
FAU - Kropf, D H
AU  - Kropf DH
FAU - Milliken, G A
AU  - Milliken GA
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - J Anim Sci
JT  - Journal of animal science
JID - 8003002
RN  - 0 (Hemoglobins)
RN  - 0 (Myoglobin)
RN  - 0 (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances)
RN  - 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)
RN  - 9002-86-2 (Polyvinyl Chloride)
RN  - E1UOL152H7 (Iron)
RN  - S88TT14065 (Oxygen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bone Marrow/*chemistry/drug effects
MH  - Cattle
MH  - Food Packaging/*methods/standards
MH  - Hemoglobins/analysis
MH  - Humerus
MH  - Iron/analysis
MH  - Least-Squares Analysis
MH  - Meat/*standards
MH  - Myoglobin/analysis
MH  - Oxygen/*pharmacology
MH  - Phosphorus/analysis
MH  - *Pigmentation/drug effects/physiology
MH  - *Polyvinyl Chloride/standards
MH  - Ribs
MH  - Scapula
MH  - Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/analysis
MH  - Thoracic Vertebrae
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2006/02/16 09:00
MHDA- 2007/11/09 09:00
CRDT- 2006/02/16 09:00
PHST- 2006/02/16 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/11/09 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/02/16 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 84/3/694 [pii]
AID - 10.2527/2006.843694x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anim Sci. 2006 Mar;84(3):694-701. doi: 10.2527/2006.843694x.