PMID- 16556256
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060503
LR  - 20220409
IS  - 0019-2805 (Print)
IS  - 1365-2567 (Electronic)
IS  - 0019-2805 (Linking)
VI  - 117
IP  - 4
DP  - 2006 Apr
TI  - Mechanisms of immune suppression by interleukin-10 and transforming growth 
      factor-beta: the role of T regulatory cells.
PG  - 433-42
AB  - Specific immune suppression and induction of tolerance are essential processes in 
      the regulation and circumvention of immune defence. The balance between 
      allergen-specific type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells and T helper (Th) 2 cells appears 
      to be decisive in the development of allergy. Tr1 cells consistently represent 
      the dominant subset specific for common environmental allergens in healthy 
      individuals. In contrast, there is a high frequency of allergen-specific 
      interleukin-4 (IL-4)-secreting T cells in allergic individuals. Allergen-specific 
      immunotherapy can induce specific Tr1 cells that abolish allergen-induced 
      proliferation of Th1 and Th2 cells, as well as their cytokine production. Tr1 
      cells utilize multiple suppressor mechanisms, such as IL-10 and transforming 
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as secreted cytokines and various surface 
      molecules, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death-1. IL-10 
      only inhibits T cells stimulated by low numbers of triggered T-cell receptors, 
      which depend on CD28 costimulation. IL-10 inhibits CD28 tyrosine phosphorylation, 
      preventing the binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 and consequently 
      inhibiting the CD28 signalling pathway. In addition, IL-10 and TGF-beta secreted 
      by Tr1 cells skew the antibody production from immunoglobulin E (IgE) towards the 
      non-inflammatory isotypes IgG4 and IgA, respectively. Induction of 
      antigen-specific Tr1 cells can thus re-direct an inappropriate immune response 
      against allergens or auto-antigens using a broad range of suppressor mechanisms.
FAU - Taylor, Alison
AU  - Taylor A
AD  - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland.
FAU - Verhagen, Johan
AU  - Verhagen J
FAU - Blaser, Kurt
AU  - Blaser K
FAU - Akdis, Mubeccel
AU  - Akdis M
FAU - Akdis, Cezmi A
AU  - Akdis CA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Immunology
JT  - Immunology
JID - 0374672
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulin Isotypes)
RN  - 0 (Transforming Growth Factor beta)
RN  - 130068-27-8 (Interleukin-10)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immune Tolerance/*immunology
MH  - Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
MH  - Immunotherapy
MH  - Interleukin-10/*immunology
MH  - Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
MH  - T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology
MH  - Transforming Growth Factor beta/*immunology
PMC - PMC1782242
EDAT- 2006/03/25 09:00
MHDA- 2006/05/04 09:00
PMCR- 2007/04/01
CRDT- 2006/03/25 09:00
PHST- 2006/03/25 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/05/04 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/03/25 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2007/04/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - IMM2321 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02321.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Immunology. 2006 Apr;117(4):433-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02321.x.