PMID- 16652059
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20060606
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1525-4135 (Print)
IS  - 1525-4135 (Linking)
VI  - 41
IP  - 4
DP  - 2006 Apr 1
TI  - Transitions to injecting drug use among noninjecting heroin users: social network 
      influence and individual susceptibility.
PG  - 493-503
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence/predictors of transitions to injecting 
      among noninjecting heroin users (NIUs). METHODS: Street-recruited NIUs in New 
      York City, March/1996-March/2003, were interviewed for a prospective cohort study 
      about social network influence (communication promoting injecting; exposure to 
      injectors) and individual susceptibility. A transition to injecting was the first 
      drug injection following baseline. Hazards ratios (HRs) (P < 0.05) were estimated 
      by Cox proportional hazards regression, stratified by baseline injecting history. 
      RESULTS: Of 369 (64% of 579) followed, former-injectors were more likely to 
      transition to injecting (33% or 53/160 vs. 12% or 25/209; 16.0/100 
      person-years-at-risk [pyar] vs. 4.6/100 pyar; HR = 3.25). Independent predictors 
      among never-injectors included using > or =2 bags of heroin daily (HR = 7.0); 
      social network influence (communication) and homelessness (HR = 6.3); 
      shorter-term heroin use (HR = 5.3); social network influence (exposure) and 
      physically abused (HR = 4.7); friends approve/condone drug injecting (HR = 3.5); 
      lower perceived social distance from injectors (HR = 2.9); and younger age at 
      first heroin use (HR = 1.2). Independent predictors among former-injectors were 
      social network influence (communication) and lower perceived social distance from 
      injectors (HR = 3.4); white race/ethnicity (HR = 2.0); not very afraid of needles 
      (HR = 1.8); and younger age (HR = 1.1). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of initiating 
      injecting was lower than the risk of resuming injecting. Social network influence 
      facilitates transitioning to injecting among those susceptible. Interventions to 
      prevent injecting should address both social network influence and individual 
      susceptibility.
FAU - Neaigus, Alan
AU  - Neaigus A
AD  - Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk, National Development and 
      Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY 10010, USA. neaigus@ndri.org
FAU - Gyarmathy, V Anna
AU  - Gyarmathy VA
FAU - Miller, Maureen
AU  - Miller M
FAU - Frajzyngier, Veronica M
AU  - Frajzyngier VM
FAU - Friedman, Samuel R
AU  - Friedman SR
FAU - Des Jarlais, Don C
AU  - Des Jarlais DC
LA  - eng
GR  - DA09920/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PL  - United States
TA  - J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
JT  - Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
JID - 100892005
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Age Factors
MH  - Cohort Studies
MH  - Female
MH  - *Heroin Dependence
MH  - Ill-Housed Persons
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incidence
MH  - Male
MH  - New York City
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - *Social Environment
MH  - Statistics as Topic
MH  - Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2006/05/03 09:00
MHDA- 2006/06/07 09:00
CRDT- 2006/05/03 09:00
PHST- 2006/05/03 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2006/06/07 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/05/03 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 00126334-200604010-00014 [pii]
AID - 10.1097/01.qai.0000186391.49205.3b [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Apr 1;41(4):493-503. doi: 
      10.1097/01.qai.0000186391.49205.3b.