PMID- 16938465
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070228
LR  - 20061212
IS  - 1046-2023 (Print)
IS  - 1046-2023 (Linking)
VI  - 41
IP  - 1
DP  - 2007 Jan
TI  - Local lymph node assay (LLNA) for detection of sensitization capacity of 
      chemicals.
PG  - 54-60
AB  - The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a murine model developed to evaluate the 
      skin sensitization potential of chemicals. The LLNA is an alternative approach to 
      traditional guinea pig methods and in comparison provides important animal 
      welfare benefits. The assay relies on measurement of events induced during the 
      induction phase of skin sensitization, specifically lymphocyte proliferation in 
      the draining lymph nodes which is a hallmark of a skin sensitization response. 
      Since its introduction the LLNA has been the subject of extensive evaluation on a 
      national and international scale, and has been successfully validated and 
      incorporated worldwide into regulatory guidelines. Experience gained in recent 
      years has demonstrated that adherence to published procedures and guidelines for 
      the LLNA (e.g., with respect to dose and vehicle selection) is critical for the 
      successful conduct and eventual interpretation of the data. In addition to 
      providing a robust method for skin sensitization hazard identification, the LLNA 
      has proven very useful in assessing the skin sensitizing potency of test 
      chemicals, and this has provided invaluable information to risk assessors. The 
      primary method to make comparisons of the relative potency of chemical 
      sensitizers is to use linear interpolation to estimate the concentration of 
      chemical required to induce a stimulation index of three relative to concurrent 
      vehicle-treated controls (EC3). In certain situations where there are available 
      less than optimal dose response data a log-linear extrapolation method can be 
      used to estimate an EC3 value which can reduce significantly the need for repeat 
      testing of chemicals. The LLNA, when conducted according to published guidelines, 
      provides a robust method for skin sensitization testing that not only provides 
      reliable hazard identification information but also data necessary for effective 
      risk assessment and risk management.
FAU - Gerberick, G Frank
AU  - Gerberick GF
AD  - The Procter & Gamble Company, Central Product Safety Department, Miami Valley 
      Innovation Center, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253, USA. 
      gerberick.gf@pg.com
FAU - Ryan, Cindy A
AU  - Ryan CA
FAU - Dearman, Rebecca J
AU  - Dearman RJ
FAU - Kimber, Ian
AU  - Kimber I
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Methods
JT  - Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
JID - 9426302
RN  - 0 (Irritants)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology/*pathology
MH  - *Disease Models, Animal
MH  - Irritants/immunology/*toxicity
MH  - *Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Mice
MH  - *Mice, Inbred CBA
MH  - Toxicity Tests
RF  - 35
EDAT- 2006/08/30 09:00
MHDA- 2007/03/01 09:00
CRDT- 2006/08/30 09:00
PHST- 2006/07/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2006/07/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2006/08/30 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/03/01 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/08/30 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S1046-2023(06)00135-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.006 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Methods. 2007 Jan;41(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.006.