PMID- 17061285
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070212
LR  - 20111117
IS  - 1080-4013 (Print)
IS  - 1080-4013 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 3
DP  - 2006
TI  - HIV-1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children: Neuropathogenesis and 
      response to highly active antiretroviral therapy.
PG  - 216-22
AB  - HIV-1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children in the United States was 
      initially defined by a classic triad of findings that included: (1) developmental 
      delay, (2) secondary or acquired microcephaly, and (3) pyramidal tract neuromotor 
      deficits. The most severe form of this disorder typically occurred among young 
      children who developed rapidly progressive disease in concert with profound 
      immunosuppression, and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis (PCP). The 
      neuropathogenesis of this disorder appears to involve a cascade of viral 
      products, various cytokines and chemokines, and neurotransmitters which promote 
      ongoing inflammation, excitation, and overstimualtion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate 
      type receptor (NMDAR) system. These subsequently lead to neuronal injury and 
      death secondary to apoptosis or necrosis, astrocytosis, as well as dentritic and 
      synaptic damage. The frequency of the most severe forms of encephalopathy among 
      children has dropped dramatically since the introduction of highly active 
      antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Of concern, however, is the possibility that a 
      more insidious form of this disorder may be occurring presently among older 
      vertically infected children as a result of inadequate penetration of HAART 
      agents into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This paper will review what published 
      data there is as yet that bears on this question.
CI  - Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FAU - Mitchell, Charles D
AU  - Mitchell CD
AD  - Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of 
      Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
JT  - Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews
JID - 9517974
SB  - IM
MH  - AIDS Dementia Complex/*diagnosis/drug therapy
MH  - Adult
MH  - Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects
MH  - Brain/drug effects/pathology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Developmental Disabilities/*diagnosis/etiology
MH  - HIV Infections/*congenital/drug therapy
MH  - *HIV-1/drug effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
MH  - Intellectual Disability/*diagnosis/etiology
MH  - Prognosis
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - Viral Load
RF  - 48
EDAT- 2006/10/25 09:00
MHDA- 2007/02/13 09:00
CRDT- 2006/10/25 09:00
PHST- 2006/10/25 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/02/13 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/10/25 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/mrdd.20111 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2006;12(3):216-22. doi: 10.1002/mrdd.20111.