PMID- 17182391
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070402
LR  - 20160526
IS  - 1093-4529 (Print)
IS  - 1093-4529 (Linking)
VI  - 42
IP  - 2
DP  - 2007 Feb
TI  - Fluorochrome and flow cytometry to monitor microorganisms in treated hospital 
      wastewater.
PG  - 195-203
AB  - Flow cytometry with a fluorescent technique (FCM/FL), epifluorescence microscopy 
      with a fluorescent technique (EFM/FL), and a culture method were used and 
      compared to study the microorganism population profiles in wastewater treatment. 
      In the two non-culture methods (FCM/FL and EFM/FL), four fluorescent dyes 
      [acridine orange (AO), 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), 
      propidium iodide (PI), and YOPRO-1] were used to determine the total 
      concentration and viability of microorganisms in the wastewater samples. Results 
      showed that the total cell concentrations (both the bacteria and fungi) 
      determined by using the non-culture-based methods were 18 to 67 times higher than 
      those by the culture method (p = 0.036): the total cell concentration ranged from 
      1.10 x 10(7) to 2.44 x 10(8) cells/mL determined by both FCM and EFM with 
      AO-staining method, and from 1.02 x 10(7) to 2.00 x 10(8) cells/mL by EFM with 
      DAPI-staining method, whereas the culturable concentration of bacteria and fungi 
      ranged from 0 to 3.22 x 10(6) CFU/mL and from 0 to 4.13 x 10(5) CFU/mL, 
      respectively. No difference in total concentrations between dyes (AO and DAPI) 
      and methods (FCM and EFM) were observed. By using EFM method, the microorganism 
      viability ranged from 0.24 to 0.86 with PI staining and from 0.09 to 0.74 with 
      YOPRO-1 staining. In the FCM analysis, the microorganism viability ranged from 
      0.23 to 0.87 with PI staining and from 0.18 to 0.73 with YOPRO-1 staining. In 
      addition, the cultivability of microorganism ranged from 0 to 0.105 by the 
      culture method. The total concentrations and viabilities of microorganisms were 
      highly underestimated by the culture method. Results also showed that the 
      viabilities determined by using either EFM/FL or FCM/FL were significantly higher 
      than the cultivabilities. In addition, significant difference in viability 
      between PI and YOPRO-1 for both EFM and FCM analysis was observed. However, the 
      difference in viability between EFM and FCM depended on dyes. In regard to the 
      difference between bacteria and fungi, significant difference in total 
      concentration, viability, and cultivability was observed. In conclusion, the 
      EFM/FL and FCM/FL methods can effectively assess total concentration and 
      viability of microorganisms in environmental samples.
FAU - Li, Chih S
AU  - Li CS
AD  - Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 
      chihshanli@yahoo.com
FAU - Chia, Wan C
AU  - Chia WC
FAU - Chen, Pei S
AU  - Chen PS
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng
JT  - Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & 
      environmental engineering
JID - 9812551
RN  - 0 (Fluorescent Dyes)
SB  - IM
MH  - Colony Count, Microbial
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Flow Cytometry/*methods
MH  - Fluorescent Dyes/*chemistry
MH  - Hospitals
MH  - Microbiological Techniques/methods
MH  - Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
MH  - *Water Microbiology
MH  - Water Pollution/prevention & control
EDAT- 2006/12/22 09:00
MHDA- 2007/04/03 09:00
CRDT- 2006/12/22 09:00
PHST- 2006/12/22 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/04/03 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2006/12/22 09:00 [entrez]
AID - L52666J05H4201J8 [pii]
AID - 10.1080/10934520601011379 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2007 Feb;42(2):195-203. doi: 
      10.1080/10934520601011379.