PMID- 17215218
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070222
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 0047-2425 (Print)
IS  - 0047-2425 (Linking)
VI  - 36
IP  - 1
DP  - 2007 Jan-Feb
TI  - Surface seals reduce 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin emissions in field 
      tests.
PG  - 110-9
AB  - Reducing emissions is essential for minimizing the impact of soil fumigation on 
      the environment. Water application to the soil surface (or water seal) has been 
      demonstrated to reduce 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) emissions in soil column 
      tests. This study determined the effectiveness of water application to reduce 
      emissions of 1,3-D and chloropicrin (CP) in comparison to other surface seals 
      under field conditions. In a small-plot field trial on a Hanford sandy loam soil 
      (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents) in the San 
      Joaquin Valley, CA. Telone C35 (61% 1,3-D and 35% CP) was shank-applied at a 
      depth of 46 cm at a rate of 610 kg ha-1. Soil surface seal treatments included 
      control (no tarp and no water application), standard high density polyethylene 
      (HDPE) tarp over dry and pre-irrigated soil, virtually impermeable film (VIF) 
      tarp, initial water application by sprinklers immediately following fumigation, 
      and intermittent water applications after fumigation. The atmospheric emissions 
      and gas-phase distribution of fumigants in soil profile were monitored for 9 d. 
      Among the surface seals, VIF and HDPE tarp over dry soil resulted in the lowest 
      and the highest total emission losses, respectively. Intermittent water 
      applications reduced 1,3-D and CP emissions significantly more than HDPE tarp 
      alone. The initial water application also reduced emission peak and delayed 
      emission time. Pre-irrigated soil plus HDPE tarp reduced fumigant emissions 
      similarly as the intermittent water applications and also yielded the highest 
      surface soil temperature, which may improve overall soil pest control.
FAU - Gao, Suduan
AU  - Gao S
AD  - USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural 
      Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA. sgao@fresno.ars.usda.gov
FAU - Trout, Thomas J
AU  - Trout TJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20070109
PL  - United States
TA  - J Environ Qual
JT  - Journal of environmental quality
JID - 0330666
RN  - 0 (Allyl Compounds)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Soil Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 9H780918D0 (1,3-dichloro-1-propene)
RN  - I4JTX7Z7U2 (chloropicrin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allyl Compounds/*analysis
MH  - Fumigation
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*analysis
MH  - Soil Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2007/01/12 09:00
MHDA- 2007/02/23 09:00
CRDT- 2007/01/12 09:00
PHST- 2007/01/12 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/02/23 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/01/12 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 36/1/110 [pii]
AID - 10.2134/jeq2006.0107 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Environ Qual. 2007 Jan 9;36(1):110-9. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0107. Print 2007 
      Jan-Feb.