PMID- 17240388
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20071003
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 0021-9673 (Print)
IS  - 0021-9673 (Linking)
VI  - 1159
IP  - 1-2
DP  - 2007 Aug 3
TI  - Hair analysis for illicit drugs by using capillary zone 
      electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry.
PG  - 185-9
AB  - In forensic toxicology, hair analysis has become a well established analytical 
      strategy to investigate retrospectively drug abuse histories. In this field, gas 
      chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry are currently used, often after preliminary screening with 
      immunoassays. However, on the basis of previous applications to pharmaceutical 
      analysis, capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry 
      looks also highly promising. The purpose of the present work was the development 
      of a simple and rapid CZE-MS method for sensitive and quantitative determination 
      of the main drugs of abuse and their metabolites (namely, 6-monoacetylmorphine, 
      morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethampthetamine (MDMA), benzoylecgonine, ephedrine and 
      cocaine) in human hair. Hair samples (100 mg) were washed, cut and incubated 
      overnight in 0.1 M HCl at 45 degrees C, then neutralized with NaOH and extracted 
      by a liquid-liquid extraction method. CZE separations were carried out in a 100 
      cm x 75 microm (I.D.) uncoated fused silica capillary. The separation buffer was 
      composed of 25 mM ammonium formate, pH 9.5; the separation voltage was 15 kV. 
      Electrokinetic injections were performed at 7 kV for 30 s under field amplified 
      sample stacking conditions. ESI-ion trap MS detection was performed in the ESI 
      positive ionization mode using the following conditions: capillary voltage 4 kV, 
      nebulizer gas (nitrogen) pressure 3psi, source temperature 150 degrees C and 
      drying gas (nitrogen) flow rate 8l/min. A sheath liquid, composed of 
      isopropanol-water (50:50, v/v) with 0.5% formic acid, was delivered at a flow 
      rate of 4 microl/min. The ion trap MS operated in a selected ion monitoring mode 
      (SIM) of positive molecular ions for each drug/metabolite. Collision induced 
      fragmentation was also possible. Nalorphine was used as internal standard. Under 
      the described conditions, the separation of all compounds, except 
      amphetamine/methamphetamine, MDA/MDMA and morphine/6-MAM was achieved in 20 min, 
      with limits of detection lower than the most severe cut-offs adopted in hair 
      analysis (i.e. 0.1 ng/mg). Linearity was assessed within drug concentration 
      ranges from 0.025 to 5 ng of each analyte/mg of hair. Analytical precision was 
      fairly acceptable with RSD's < or = 3.06% for migration times and < or = 22.47% 
      for areas in real samples, in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. On these 
      grounds, the described method can be proposed for rapid, selective and accurate 
      toxicological hair analysis for both clinical and forensic purposes.
FAU - Gottardo, Rossella
AU  - Gottardo R
AD  - Department of Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University 
      of Verona, Verona, Italy.
FAU - Bortolotti, Federica
AU  - Bortolotti F
FAU - De Paoli, Giorgia
AU  - De Paoli G
FAU - Pascali, Jennifer Paola
AU  - Pascali JP
FAU - Miksik, Ivan
AU  - Miksik I
FAU - Tagliaro, Franco
AU  - Tagliaro F
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20070110
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr A
JT  - Journal of chromatography. A
JID - 9318488
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
SB  - IM
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
MH  - Electrophoresis, Capillary/*methods
MH  - Forensic Toxicology/methods
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
MH  - Hair/*chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Sensitivity and Specificity
MH  - Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/*methods
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
EDAT- 2007/01/24 09:00
MHDA- 2007/10/04 09:00
CRDT- 2007/01/24 09:00
PHST- 2006/09/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2006/11/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2007/01/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2007/01/24 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/10/04 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/01/24 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0021-9673(07)00039-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr A. 2007 Aug 3;1159(1-2):185-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.011. 
      Epub 2007 Jan 10.