PMID- 17547163
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20070627
LR  - 20190715
IS  - 0013-936X (Print)
IS  - 0013-936X (Linking)
VI  - 41
IP  - 10
DP  - 2007 May 15
TI  - Perfluorinated acids in Arctic snow: new evidence for atmospheric formation.
PG  - 3455-61
AB  - Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are ubiquitously found in water and biota, including 
      remote regions such as the High Arctic. Under environmental conditions, PFAs 
      exist mainly as anions and are not expected to be subject to long-range 
      atmospheric transport in the gas phase. Fluorinated telomer alcohols (FTOHs) are 
      volatile and can be atmospherically oxidized to form perfluorocarboxylic acids. 
      Analogously, fluorosulfamido alcohols can be oxidized to form perfluorooctane 
      sulfonate (PFOS). High Arctic ice caps experience contamination solely from 
      atmospheric sources. By examining concentrations of PFAs in ice cap samples, it 
      is possible to determine atmospheric fluxes to the Arctic. Ice samples were 
      collected from high Arctic ice caps in the spring of 2005 and 2006. Samples were 
      concentrated using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS-MS. PFAs were 
      observed in all samples, dating from 1996 to 2005. Concentrations were in the 
      low-mid pg L(-1) range and exhibited seasonality, with maximum concentrations in 
      the spring-summer. The presence of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and 
      perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) on the ice cap was indicative of atmospheric 
      oxidation as a source. Ratios of PFAs to sodium concentrations were highly 
      variable, signifying PFA concentrations on the ice cap were unrelated to marine 
      chemistry. Fluxes of the PFAs were estimated to the area north of 65 degrees N 
      for the 2005 season, which ranged from 114 to 587 kg year(-1) for 
      perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 73 to 860 kg year(-1) for perfluorononanoic acid 
      (PFNA), 16 to 84 kg year(-1) for PFDA, 26 to 62 kg year(-1) for PFUnA, and 18 to 
      48 kg year(-1) for PFOS. The PFOA and PFNA fluxes agreed with FTOH modeling 
      estimations. A decrease in PFOS concentrations through time was observed, 
      suggesting a fast response to changes in production. These data suggest that 
      atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursors is a primary source of PFAs to the 
      Arctic.
FAU - Young, Cora J
AU  - Young CJ
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, 
      Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, CLF-Chem Consulting, 28 Rue Edouard Olivier, Brussels, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Furdui, Vasile I
AU  - Furdui VI
FAU - Franklin, James
AU  - Franklin J
FAU - Koerner, Roy M
AU  - Koerner RM
FAU - Muir, Derek C G
AU  - Muir DC
FAU - Mabury, Scott A
AU  - Mabury SA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Environ Sci Technol
JT  - Environmental science & technology
JID - 0213155
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated)
SB  - IM
CIN - Environ Sci Technol. 2007 May 15;41(10):3394-5. PMID: 17547147
MH  - Arctic Regions
MH  - Atmosphere/*chemistry
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/*analysis
MH  - Snow/*chemistry
EDAT- 2007/06/06 09:00
MHDA- 2007/06/28 09:00
CRDT- 2007/06/06 09:00
PHST- 2007/06/06 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/06/28 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/06/06 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1021/es0626234 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Technol. 2007 May 15;41(10):3455-61. doi: 10.1021/es0626234.